{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:58:01Z","timestamp":1792515481233,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]],"date-time":"2023-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preeclampsia (PE) is a prevalent obstetric illness affecting pregnant women worldwide. This comprehensive literature review aims to examine the role of biomarkers and understand the molecular mechanisms underlying PE. The review encompasses studies on biomarkers for predicting, diagnosing, and monitoring PE, focusing on their molecular mechanisms in maternal blood or urine samples. Past research has advanced our understanding of PE pathogenesis, but the etiology remains unclear. Biomarkers such as PlGF, sFlt-1, PP-13, and PAPP-A have shown promise in risk classification and preventive measures, although challenges exist, including low detection rates and discrepancies in predicting different PE subtypes. Future perspectives highlight the importance of larger prospective studies to explore predictive biomarkers and their molecular mechanisms, improving screening efficacy and distinguishing between early-onset and late-onset PE. Biomarker assessments offer reliable and cost-effective screening methods for early detection, prognosis, and monitoring of PE. Early identification of high-risk women enables timely intervention, preventing adverse outcomes. Further research is needed to validate and optimize biomarker models for accurate prediction and diagnosis, ultimately improving maternal and fetal health outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T01:56:57Z","timestamp":1693187817000},"page":"13252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["From Biomarkers to the Molecular Mechanism of Preeclampsia\u2014A Comprehensive Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Magda","family":"Rybak-Krzyszkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, University Hospital, 30-688 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0740-7167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Staniczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecological Oncology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-211 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrianna","family":"Kondracka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Bogus\u0142awska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1504-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Kwiatkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"G\u00f3ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Municipal Hospital, John Paul II in Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-241 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Strus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Perinatology, University Hospital, 30-688 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"G\u00f3rczewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Public Health Care Facility \u201cBl. 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