{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:19:07Z","timestamp":1790835547322,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]],"date-time":"2023-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation through Agreement","award":["075-15-2020-933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2020-933"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important public health problem and one of the leading causes of death. Individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) have an increased risk of developing active TB. The problem of the diagnosis of the various stages of TB and the identification of infected patients in the early stages has not yet been solved. The existing tests (the tuberculin skin test and the interferon-gamma release assay) are useful to distinguish between active and latent infections. But these tests cannot be used to predict the development of active TB in individuals with LTBI. The purpose of this review was to analyze the extant data of the interaction of M. tuberculosis with immune cells and identify molecular predictive markers and markers of the early stages of TB. An analysis of more than 90 sources from the literature allowed us to determine various subpopulations of immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of TB, namely, macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, T helper cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and NK cells. The key molecular markers of the immune response to M. tuberculosis are cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-22b, IFN\u0263, TNFa, and TGF\u00df), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9), and their inhibitors (TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, and TIMP-4). It is supposed that these molecules could be used as biomarkers to characterize different stages of TB infection, to evaluate the effectiveness of its treatment, and as targets of pharmacotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T01:56:57Z","timestamp":1693187817000},"page":"13261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Molecular Markers of Early Immune Response in Tuberculosis: Prospects of Application in Predictive Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Diatlova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ligovskii Prospect, 2\u20134, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5156-5421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Linkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ligovskii Prospect, 2\u20134, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Biogerontology Department, St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Dynamo pr., 3, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Lavrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ligovskii Prospect, 2\u20134, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Hospital Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, St. Petersburg State University, University Embankment, 7\u20139, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6273-4304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulia","family":"Zinchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ligovskii Prospect, 2\u20134, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7401-258X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitrii","family":"Medvedev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogerontology Department, St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Dynamo pr., 3, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandr","family":"Krasichkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radio Engineering Systems, Electrotechnical University \u201cLETI\u201d, Prof. Popova Street 5F, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8682-9909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Polyakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ligovskii Prospect, 2\u20134, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Yablonskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ligovskii Prospect, 2\u20134, 191036 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Hospital Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, St. Petersburg State University, University Embankment, 7\u20139, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00359-7","article-title":"WHO\u2019s Global Tuberculosis Report 2022","volume":"4","author":"Bagcchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagaduan, J.V., and Altawallbeh, G. 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