{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:47:25Z","timestamp":1788292045631,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Aalborg University Hospital","award":["NNF22OC0080036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF22OC0080036"]}]},{"name":"Aalborg University Hospital","award":["1195451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1195451"]}]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","award":["NNF22OC0080036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF22OC0080036"]}]},{"name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","award":["1195451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1195451"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia","award":["NNF22OC0080036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF22OC0080036"]}]},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia","award":["1195451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1195451"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver disorder that has become a global health concern due to its increasing prevalence. There is a need for reliable biomarkers to aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of NAFLD. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising candidates in biomarker discovery, as they carry proteins that reflect the pathophysiological state of the liver. In this review, we developed a list of EV proteins that could be used as diagnostic biomarkers for NAFLD. We employed a multi-step strategy that involved reviewing and comparing various sources of information. Firstly, we reviewed papers that have studied EVs proteins as biomarkers in NAFLD and papers that have studied circulating proteins as biomarkers in NAFLD. To further identify potential candidates, we utilized the EV database Vesiclepedia.org to qualify each protein. Finally, we consulted the Human Protein Atlas to search for candidates\u2019 localization, focusing on membrane proteins. By integrating these sources of information, we developed a comprehensive list of potential EVs membrane protein biomarkers that could aid in diagnosing and monitoring NAFLD. In conclusion, our multi-step strategy for identifying EV-based protein biomarkers for NAFLD provides a comprehensive approach that can also be applied to other diseases. The protein candidates identified through this approach could have significant implications for the development of non-invasive diagnostic tests for NAFLD and improve the management and treatment of this prevalent liver disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T05:46:47Z","timestamp":1693201607000},"page":"13326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Comprehensive Strategy for Identifying Extracellular Vesicle Surface Proteins as Biomarkers for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nahuel Aquiles","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GECORP, Av. Juan Manuel de Rosas 899, Monte, Buenos Aires 7220, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5854-1086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maiken","family":"Mellergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg Hobrovej 18-22, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4344-9484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hernan","family":"Gonzalez-King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Salomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Extracellular Vesicles in Obstetrics and Gynae-Oncology Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aase","family":"Handberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg Hobrovej 18-22, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.015","article-title":"Mechanisms and disease consequences of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"184","author":"Loomba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00502-9","article-title":"Metabolomics and lipidomics in NAFLD: Biomarkers and non-invasive diagnostic tests","volume":"18","author":"Masoodi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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