{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T21:49:22Z","timestamp":1788299362153,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22K10313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K10313"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23K09463"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K09463"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shimizu Foundation for Immunology and Neuroscience","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Kyoto social welfare corporation Challenges Research Fund 2023","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Japanese Association for Dental Science, Sponsored research 2022","award":["2022A-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A-2"]}]},{"name":"The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research of the National Institutes of Health","award":["RO1DE027642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1DE027642"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to elucidate the chemistry of cellular degeneration in human neuroblastoma cells upon exposure to outer-membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) oral bacteria by monitoring their metabolomic evolution using in situ Raman spectroscopy. Pg-OMVs are a key factor in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) pathogenesis, as they act as efficient vectors for the delivery of toxins promoting neuronal damage. However, the chemical mechanisms underlying the direct impact of Pg-OMVs on cell metabolites at the molecular scale still remain conspicuously unclear. A widely used in vitro model employing neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells (a sub-line of the SK-N-SH cell line) was spectroscopically analyzed in situ before and 6 h after Pg-OMV contamination. Concurrently, Raman characterizations were also performed on isolated Pg-OMVs, which included phosphorylated dihydroceramide (PDHC) lipids and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the latter in turn being contaminated with a highly pathogenic class of cysteine proteases, a key factor in neuronal cell degradation. Raman characterizations located lipopolysaccharide fingerprints in the vesicle structure and unveiled so far unproved aspects of the chemistry behind protein degradation induced by Pg-OMV contamination of SH-SY5Y cells. The observed alterations of cells\u2019 Raman profiles were then discussed in view of key factors including the formation of amyloid \u03b2 (A\u03b2) plaques and hyperphosphorylated Tau neurofibrillary tangles, and the formation of cholesterol agglomerates that exacerbate AD pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T08:26:52Z","timestamp":1693297612000},"page":"13351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["In Situ Raman Study of Neurodegenerated Human Neuroblastoma Cells Exposed to Outer-Membrane Vesicles Isolated from Porphyromonas gingivalis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pezzotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca\u2019 Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5224-7812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 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Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca\u2019 Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiji","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiro","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, 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