{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:35:43Z","timestamp":1791837343573,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder that represents the most common type of dementia. It poses a significant diagnostic challenge that requires timely recognition and treatment. Currently, there is no effective therapy for AD; however, certain medications may slow down its progression. The discovery of AD biomarkers, namely, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and cerebrospinal fluid molecules (amyloid-\u03b2 and tau) has advanced our understanding of this disease and has been crucial for identifying early neuropathologic changes prior to clinical changes and cognitive decline. The close interrelationship between the eye and the brain suggests that tears could be an interesting source of biomarkers for AD; however, studies in this area are limited. The identification of biomarkers in tears will enable the development of cost-effective, non-invasive methods of screening, diagnosis and disease monitoring. In order to use tears as a standard method for early and non-invasive diagnosis of AD, future studies need to be conducted on a larger scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T09:44:46Z","timestamp":1693388686000},"page":"13429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Tear Biomarkers and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3983-1157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snje\u017eana","family":"Ka\u0161telan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijana","family":"Bra\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Palliative Medicine, Medical Ethics and Communication Skills, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1759-8956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neda","family":"Pjeva\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Bakija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Psychiatry, Psychiatry Hospital \u201cSveti Ivan\u201d, 10090 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zora","family":"Tomi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Centre of the Croatian Department of Internal Affairs, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7834-0592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada","family":"Pjeva\u010d Kelemini\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Health Centre Zagreb-Centar, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9613-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonela","family":"Gverovi\u0107 Antunica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital Dubrovnik, University of Dubrovnik, 20000 Dubrovnik, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160907","article-title":"Recent Progress in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research, Part 3: Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"57","author":"Hane","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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