{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T10:06:38Z","timestamp":1774260398639,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund. ERDF, a way to build Europe)","award":["PI 18\/01108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI 18\/01108"]}]},{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund. ERDF, a way to build Europe)","award":["RD21\/0005\/0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0005\/0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study analyzes sex-based differences in renal structure and the response to the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. Eight weeks old ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 mice received enalapril (5 mg\/kg\/day, subcutaneous) or PBS (control) for an additional 14 weeks. Each group consisted of six males and six females. Females exhibited elevated LDL-cholesterol levels, while males presented higher creatinine levels and proteinuria. Enalapril effectively reduced blood pressure in both groups, but proteinuria decreased significantly only in females. Plaque size analysis and assessment of kidney inflammation revealed no significant sex-based differences. However, males displayed more severe glomerular injury, with increased mesangial expansion, mesangiolysis, glomerular foam cells, and activated parietal epithelial cells (PECs). Enalapril mitigated mesangial expansion, glomerular inflammation (particularly in the female group), and hypertrophy of the PECs in males. This study demonstrates sex-based differences in the response to enalapril in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. Males exhibited more severe glomerular injury, while enalapril provided renal protection, particularly in females. These findings suggest potential sex-specific considerations for ACE inhibitor therapy in chronic kidney disease and atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanism behind these observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T09:44:46Z","timestamp":1693388686000},"page":"13442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sex Differences in Glomerular Lesions, in Atherosclerosis Progression, and in the Response to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in the ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 Mice Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4762-6986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Mall\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronny","family":"Rodriguez-Urquia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduard","family":"Dorca-Duch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0870-6767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estanis","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1824-9141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Hueso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.307611","article-title":"Epidemiology of Atherosclerosis and the Potential to Reduce the Global Burden of Atherothrombotic Disease","volume":"118","author":"Herrington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. 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