{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:08:22Z","timestamp":1792177702868,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":242,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a","award":["POWR.03.02.00-00-1027\/16-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POWR.03.02.00-00-1027\/16-00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We are not entirely able to understand, assess, and modulate the functioning of the immune system in clinical situations that lead to a systemic inflammatory response. In the search for diagnostic and treatment strategies (which are still far from perfect), it became very important to study the pathogenesis and participation of endogenous inflammation mediators. This study attempts to more precisely establish the role of neutrophils in individual phenomena occurring during an inflammatory and anti-inflammatory reaction, taking into account their cidal, immunoregulatory, and reparative abilities. Pro- and anticoagulatory properties of endothelium in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) are emphasised, along with the resulting clinical implications (the application of immunotherapy using mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells (MSCs) or IL-6 antagonists in sepsis and COVID-19 treatment, among others). Special attention is paid to reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by neutrophils activated during \u201crespiratory burst\u201d in the course of SIRS; the protective and pathogenic role of these endogenous mediators is highlighted. Moreover, clinically useful biomarkers of SIRS (neutrophil extracellular traps, cell-free DNA, DAMP, TREMs, NGAL, miRNA, selected cytokines, ROS, and recognised markers of endothelial damage from the group of adhesins by means of immunohistochemical techniques) related to the neutrophils are presented, and their role in the diagnosing and forecasting of sepsis, burn disease, and COVID-19 is emphasised. Finally, examples of immunomodulation of sepsis and antioxidative thermal injury therapy are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T09:44:46Z","timestamp":1693388686000},"page":"13469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Neutrophils and the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0228-5823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janusz P.","family":"Sikora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Emergency Medicine, 2nd Chair of Paediatrics, Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, ul. Sporna 36\/50, 91-738 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Karawani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lazarski University, ul. \u015awieradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3267-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Sobczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Emergency Medicine, 2nd Chair of Paediatrics, Central Clinical Hospital, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, ul. Sporna 36\/50, 91-738 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Management and Logistics in Healthcare, Medical University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, ul. Lindleya 6, 90-131 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-1591(02)00021-1","article-title":"Stress and The Inflammatory Response: A Review of Neurogenic Inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Black","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/85.1.109","article-title":"The Stress Response to Trauma and Surgery","volume":"85","author":"Desborough","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S220","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200205001-00008","article-title":"Endothelium: Interface Between Coagulation and Inflammation","volume":"30","author":"Levi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. 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