{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:18:16Z","timestamp":1790619496459,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Society for Applied Biological Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a significant cause of mortality, and pharmacogenomics (PGx) offers the potential to optimize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing ADRs. However, there is a lack of data on the Croatian population, highlighting the need for investigating the most common alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes to establish national guidelines for drug use. Methods: A single-center retrospective cross-sectional study was performed to examine the allele, genotype, and phenotype frequencies of drug-metabolizing enzymes, receptors, and other proteins in a random sample of 522 patients from Croatia using a 28-gene PGx panel. Results: Allele frequencies, genotypes, and phenotypes for the investigated genes were determined. No statistically significant differences were found between the Croatian and European populations for most analyzed genes. The most common genotypes observed in the patients resulted in normal metabolism rates. However, some genes showed higher frequencies of altered metabolism rates. Conclusions: This study provides insights into the allele, genotype, and phenotype frequencies of drug-metabolizing enzymes, receptors, and other associated proteins in the Croatian population. The findings contribute to optimizing drug use guidelines, potentially reducing ADRs, and improving therapeutic efficacy. Further research is needed to tailor population-specific interventions based on these findings and their long-term benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]],"date-time":"2023-08-31T09:14:41Z","timestamp":1693473281000},"page":"13498","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Population Pharmacogenomics in Croatia: Evaluating the PGx Allele Frequency and the Impact of Treatment Efficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4536-285X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vid","family":"Mati\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8022-4095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petar","family":"Brlek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6522-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luka","family":"Buli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vilim","family":"Molnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Dasovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5565-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragan","family":"Primorac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Catherine Specialty Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA"},{"name":"The Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT 06516, USA"},{"name":"Medical School REGIOMED, 96450 Coburg, Germany"},{"name":"Medical School, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Medical School, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"National Forensic Sciences University, Gujarat 382007, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"194","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine","volume":"1","author":"Adams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Educ."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"H\u00f6ppner, W., and Primorac, D. (2016). 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