{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T02:18:38Z","timestamp":1780625918289,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mast cell (MC)-specific proteases are of particular interest for space biology and medicine due to their biological activity in regulating targets of a specific tissue microenvironment. MC tryptase and chymase obtain the ability to remodel connective tissue through direct and indirect mechanisms. Yet, MC-specific protease expression under space flight conditions has not been adequately investigated. Using immunohistochemical stainings, we analyzed in this study the protease profile of the jejunal, gastric, and hepatic MC populations in three groups of Mongolian gerbils\u2014vivarium control, synchronous experiment, and 12-day orbital flight on the Foton-M3 spacecraft\u2014and in two groups\u2014vivarium control and anti-orthostatic suspension\u2014included in the experiment simulating effects of weightlessness in the ground-based conditions. After a space flight, there was a decreased number of MCs in the studied organs combined with an increased proportion of chymase-positive MCs and MCs with a simultaneous content of tryptase and chymase; the secretion of specific proteases into the extracellular matrix increased. These changes in the expression of proteases were observed both in the mucosal and connective tissue MC subpopulations of the stomach and jejunum. Notably, the relative content of tryptase-positive MCs in the studied organs of the digestive system decreased. Space flight conditions simulated in the synchronous experiment caused no similar significant changes in the protease profile of MC populations. The space flight conditions resulted in an increased chymase expression combined with a decreased total number of protease-positive MCs, apparently due to participating in the processes of extracellular matrix remodeling and regulating the state of the cardiovascular system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T02:14:50Z","timestamp":1693793690000},"page":"13604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Space-Flight- and Microgravity-Dependent Alteration of Mast Cell Population and Protease Expression in Digestive Organs of Mongolian Gerbils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8347-4556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitrii","family":"Atiakshin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultra-structural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, 117198 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, 394036 Voronezh, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Kostin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultra-structural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9185-4578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktoriya","family":"Shishkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, 394036 Voronezh, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Burtseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, 394036 Voronezh, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Buravleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, 394036 Voronezh, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artem","family":"Volodkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultra-structural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0546-5280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Elieh-Ali-Komi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Allergology, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Immunology, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1142-7483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Buchwalow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultra-structural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, 117198 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute for Hematopathology, 22547 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Tiemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hematopathology, 22547 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36775-0","article-title":"Microgravity induces overconfidence in perceptual decision-making","volume":"13","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. 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