{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:39:01Z","timestamp":1790822341359,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to highlight the impact of physicochemical properties on the behaviour of nanopharmaceuticals and how much carrier structure and physiochemical characteristics weigh on the effects of a formulation. For this purpose, two commercially available nanosimilar formulations of Doxil and their respective carriers were compared as a case study. Although the two formulations were \u201csimilar\u201d, we detected different toxicological effects (profiles) in terms of in vitro toxicity and immunological responses at the level of cytokines release and complement activation (iC3b fragment), that could be correlated with the differences in the physicochemical properties of the formulations. Shedding light on nanosimilar key quality attributes of liposome-based materials and the need for an accurate characterization, including investigation of the immunological effects, is of fundamental importance considering their great potential as delivery system for drugs, genes, or vaccines and the growing market demand.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T02:14:50Z","timestamp":1693793690000},"page":"13612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Differences in Physico-Chemical Properties and Immunological Response in Nanosimilar Complex Drugs: The Case of Liposomal Doxorubicin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Dorelia","family":"Lipsa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3790-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Magr\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Della Camera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy"},{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"La Spina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9210-0775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Cella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irantzu","family":"Garmendia-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Mehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2657-645X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Ruiz-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Fumagalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Calzolai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7150-9523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Gioria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2008.11.033","article-title":"Modulation of the physicochemical state of interior agents to prepare controlled release liposomes","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. 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