{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:33:11Z","timestamp":1788910391666,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]],"date-time":"2023-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease, predisposing to major cardiovascular events, including coronary heart disease, stroke, aortic valve calcification and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Lp(a) is differentiated from other lipoprotein molecules through apolipoprotein(a), which possesses atherogenic and antithrombolytic properties attributed to its structure. Lp(a) levels are mostly genetically predetermined and influenced by the size of LPA gene variants, with smaller isoforms resulting in a greater synthesis rate of apo(a) and, ultimately, elevated Lp(a) levels. As a result, serum Lp(a) levels may highly vary from extremely low to extremely high. Hyperlipoproteinemia(a) is defined as Lp(a) levels &gt; 30 mg\/dL in the US and &gt;50 mg\/dL in Europe. Because of its association with CVD, Lp(a) levels should be measured at least once a lifetime in adults. The ultimate goal is to identify individuals with increased risk of CVD and intervene accordingly. Traditional pharmacological interventions like niacin, statins, ezetimibe, aspirin, PCSK-9 inhibitors, mipomersen, estrogens and CETP inhibitors have not yet yielded satisfactory results. The mean Lp(a) reduction, if any, is barely 50% for all agents, with statins increasing Lp(a) levels, whereas a reduction of 80\u201390% appears to be required to achieve a significant decrease in major cardiovascular events. Novel RNA-interfering agents that specifically target hepatocytes are aimed in this direction. Pelacarsen is an antisense oligonucleotide, while olpasiran, LY3819469 and SLN360 are small interfering RNAs, all conjugated with a N-acetylgalactosamine molecule. Their ultimate objective is to genetically silence LPA, reduce apo(a) production and lower serum Lp(a) levels. Evidence thus so far demonstrates that monthly subcutaneous administration of a single dose yields optimal results with persisting substantial reductions in Lp(a) levels, potentially enhancing CVD risk reduction. The Lp(a) reduction achieved with novel RNA agents may exceed 95%. The results of ongoing and future clinical trials are eagerly anticipated, and it is hoped that guidelines for the tailored management of Lp(a) levels with these novel agents may not be far off.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T02:14:50Z","timestamp":1693793690000},"page":"13622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Novel Pharmacological Therapies for the Management of Hyperlipoproteinemia(a)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Constantine E.","family":"Kosmas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"},{"name":"Cardiology Clinic, Cardiology Unlimited, PC, New York, NY 10033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria D.","family":"Bousvarou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 710 03 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia J.","family":"Papakonstantinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Directorate of Public Health and Social Welfare, Attica Region, 115 21 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8752-1869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatos","family":"Tsamoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, Thriasio General Hospital of Eleusis, 196 00 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Koulopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 710 03 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rogers","family":"Echavarria Uceta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Clinic, Cardiology Unlimited, PC, New York, NY 10033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliscer","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA"},{"name":"Cardiology Clinic, Cardiology Unlimited, PC, New York, NY 10033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7349-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loukianos S.","family":"Rallidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital ATTIKON, 124 62 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.E400004-JLR200","article-title":"A comprehensive classification system for lipids","volume":"46","author":"Fahy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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