{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T15:12:02Z","timestamp":1768835522983,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government","award":["CEVR RP1.6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEVR RP1.6"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research","award":["CEVR RP1.6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEVR RP1.6"]}]},{"name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","award":["CEVR RP1.6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEVR RP1.6"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human eye plays a critical role in vision perception, but various retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP), glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can lead to vision loss or blindness. Although progress has been made in understanding retinal development and in clinical research, current treatments remain inadequate for curing or reversing these degenerative conditions. Animal models have limited relevance to humans, and obtaining human eye tissue samples is challenging due to ethical and legal considerations. Consequently, researchers have turned to stem cell-based approaches, specifically induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), to generate distinct retinal cell populations and develop cell replacement therapies. iPSCs offer a novel platform for studying the key stages of human retinogenesis and disease-specific mechanisms. Stem cell technology has facilitated the production of diverse retinal cell types, including retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and photoreceptors, and the development of retinal organoids has emerged as a valuable in vitro tool for investigating retinal neuron differentiation and modeling retinal diseases. This review focuses on the protocols, culture conditions, and techniques employed in differentiating retinal neurons from iPSCs. Furthermore, it emphasizes the significance of molecular and functional validation of the differentiated cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T10:14:11Z","timestamp":1693822451000},"page":"13652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Establishing Functional Retina in a Dish: Progress and Promises of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Retinal Neuron Differentiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Nonthaphat Kent","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2170-8185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shea Ping","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6396-5649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Ling","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3282fc27fc","article-title":"Hereditary retinal disease","volume":"19","author":"Goodwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. 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