{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:27:56Z","timestamp":1760149676222,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the pursuit of identifying the underlying pathways of ocular diseases, the use of cell lines such as (retinal ganglion cell-5) RGC-5 and 661W became a valuable tool, including pathologies like retinal degeneration and glaucoma. In 2001, the establishment of the RGC-5 cell line marked a significant breakthrough in glaucoma research. Over time, however, concerns arose about the true nature of RGC-5 cells, with conflicting findings in the literature regarding their identity as retinal ganglion cells or photoreceptor-like cells. This study aimed to address the controversy surrounding the RGC-5 cell line\u2019s origin and properties by comparing it with the 661W cell line, a known cone photoreceptor model. Both cell lines were differentiated according to two prior published redifferentiation protocols under the same conditions using 500 nM of trichostatin A (TSA) and investigated for their morphological and neuronal marker properties. The results demonstrated that both cell lines are murine, and they exhibited distinct morphological and neuronal marker properties. Notably, the RGC-5 cells showed higher expression of the neuronal marker \u03b2-III tubulin and increased Thy-1-mRNA compared with the 661W cells, providing evidence of their different properties. The findings emphasize the importance of verifying the authenticity of cell lines used in ocular research and highlight the risks of contamination and altered cell properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241813801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T09:51:37Z","timestamp":1694080297000},"page":"13801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Case Study from the Past: \u201cThe RGC-5 vs. the 661W Cell Line: Similarities, Differences and Contradictions\u2014Are They Really the Same?\u201d"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8697-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Hurst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gesine","family":"Attrodt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl-Ulrich","family":"Bartz-Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4125-4643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike Angelika","family":"Mau-Holzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Center for Rare Diseases, University of Tuebingen, Calwerstrasse 7, 72076 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin Stephan","family":"Spitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistra\u00dfe 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2385-5517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Schnichels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ophthalmology, University Eye Hospital T\u00fcbingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.08.001","article-title":"The progress in understanding and treatment of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"51","author":"Stitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency (2019). Directive to Prioritize Efforts to Reduce Animal Testing."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2020.100880","article-title":"Retina in a dish: Cell cultures, retinal explants and animal models for common diseases of the retina","volume":"81","author":"Schnichels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(00)00224-2","article-title":"Characterization of a transformed rat retinal ganglion cell line","volume":"86","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1311","article-title":"Comparison of expression profile of neurotrophins and their receptors in primary and transformed rat retinal ganglion cells","volume":"13","author":"Agarwal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2010.05.013","article-title":"Differential responses of the mammalian retinal ganglion cell line RGC-5 to physiological stimuli and trophic factors","volume":"57","author":"Nieto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-1060","article-title":"Role of PPAR-gamma ligands in neuroprotection against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in retinal ganglion cells","volume":"44","author":"Aoun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.10.030","article-title":"The role of CaMKII in BDNF-mediated neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5)","volume":"1067","author":"Fan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3109\/02713680903421194","article-title":"Sensitivity of staurosporine-induced differentiated RGC-5 cells to homocysteine","volume":"35","author":"Ganapathy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.05.013","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor released from engineered mesenchymal stem cells attenuates glutamate- and hydrogen peroxide-mediated death of staurosporine-differentiated RGC-5 cells","volume":"89","author":"Harper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4796","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0397","article-title":"Flavonoids protect retinal ganglion cells from oxidative stress-induced death","volume":"46","author":"Maher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-0883","article-title":"The molecular basis of oxidative stress-induced cell death in an immortalized retinal ganglion cell line","volume":"46","author":"Maher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4267","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3484","article-title":"Recharacterization of the RGC-5 retinal ganglion cell line","volume":"50","author":"Wood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4305","article-title":"A comparison of differentiation protocols for RGC-5 cells","volume":"51","author":"Wood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.02.017","article-title":"Trichostatin A induces cell death at the concentration recommended to differentiate the RGC-5 cell line","volume":"60","author":"Schnichels","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1364","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibition-mediated differentiation of RGC-5 cells and interaction with survival","volume":"48","author":"Schwechter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0340","article-title":"Kinase-dependent differentiation of a retinal ganglion cell precursor","volume":"47","author":"Frassetto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0990","article-title":"Inhibition of plasminogen activators attenuates the death of differentiated retinal ganglion cells and stabilizes their neurite network in vitro","volume":"48","author":"Harvey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2007.08.001","article-title":"Induction of axon and dendrite formation during early RGC-5 cell differentiation","volume":"85","author":"Lieven","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-011-1906-3","article-title":"Staurosporine-induced differentiation of the RGC-5 cell line leads to apoptosis and cell death at the lowest differentiating concentration","volume":"250","author":"Schultheiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5712","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12085","article-title":"A Forensic Path to RGC-5 Cell Line Identification: Lessons Learned","volume":"54","author":"Krishnamoorthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.05.010","article-title":"Protein tyrosine-O-sulfation in the retina","volume":"89","author":"Kanan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0592","article-title":"Light induces programmed cell death by activating multiple independent proteases in a cone photoreceptor cell line","volume":"48","author":"Kanan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303130","article-title":"Comparative toxicity and proliferation testing of aflibercept, bevacizumab and ranibizumab on different ocular cells","volume":"97","author":"Schnichels","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.11110FP","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in retinal photoreceptor cell death in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-treated mice","volume":"118","author":"Tsuruma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Kolb, H., Fernandez, E., and Nelson, R. (1995). Webvision: The Organization of the Retina and Visual System, University of Utah Health Sciences Center."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Greeff, R. (1900). Handbuch der gesamten Augenheilkunde: I, Engelmann."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8336131","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8336131","article-title":"Mechanisms of Qing-Gan Li-Shui Formulation in Ameliorating Primary Open Angle Glaucoma: An Analysis Based on Network Pharmacology","volume":"2022","author":"Mu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-023-2730-9","article-title":"Roles of Optineurin and Extracellular Vesicles in Glaucomatous Retinal Cell Loss","volume":"43","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-5630","article-title":"Acteoside attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced injury of retinal ganglion cells via the CASC2\/miR-155\/mTOR axis","volume":"10","author":"Xi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.216","article-title":"HDAC inhibition promotes neuronal outgrowth and counteracts growth cone collapse through CBP\/p300 and P\/CAF-dependent p53 acetylation","volume":"17","author":"Gaub","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184154","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/184154","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors in cell pluripotency, differentiation, and reprogramming","volume":"2012","author":"Kretsovali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-196907000-00007","article-title":"Glutaate-induced retinal degeneration in neonatal mice. Electron microscopy of the acutely evolving lesion","volume":"28","author":"Olney","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1618","article-title":"Chronic low-dose glutamate is toxic to retinal ganglion cells. Toxicity blocked by memantine","volume":"37","author":"Vorwerk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2011.08.011","article-title":"Depletion of optineurin in RGC-5 cells derived from retinal neurons causes apoptosis and reduces the secretion of neurotrophins","volume":"93","author":"Sippl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0573","article-title":"Elevated hydrostatic pressure triggers mitochondrial fission and decreases cellular ATP in differentiated RGC-5 cells","volume":"48","author":"Ju","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"334","article-title":"The influence of visible light exposure on cultured RGC-5 cells","volume":"14","author":"Wood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(82)90049-3","article-title":"Localization of the Thy-1 antigen to the surfaces of rat retinal ganglion cells","volume":"4","author":"Beale","year":"1982","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4762","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-07-04762.1995","article-title":"The Brn-3 family of POU-domain factors: Primary structure, binding specificity, and expression in subsets of retinal ganglion cells and somatosensory neurons","volume":"15","author":"Xiang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieto, P.S., Valdez, D.J., Acosta-Rodriguez, V.A., and Guido, M.E. (2011). Expression of novel opsins and intrinsic light responses in the mammalian retinal ganglion cell line RGC-5. Presence of OPN5 in the rat retina. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026417"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.10.012","article-title":"RGC-5: Are they really 661W? The saga continues","volume":"119","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, A.F., Crowe, M.E., Lieven, C.J., and Levin, L.A. (2015). Induction of Neuronal Morphology in the 661W Cone Photoreceptor Cell Line with Staurosporine. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145270"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2009.12.018","article-title":"Neuronal differentiation by analogs of staurosporine","volume":"56","author":"Thompson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80439-0","article-title":"Crx, a novel otx-like homeobox gene, shows photoreceptor-specific expression and regulates photoreceptor differentiation","volume":"91","author":"Furukawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80394-3","article-title":"Crx, a novel Otx-like paired-homeodomain protein, binds to and transactivates photoreceptor cell-specific genes","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2007.02.016","article-title":"Ontogenetic expression of the Otx2 and Crx homeobox genes in the retina of the rat","volume":"85","author":"Rath","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2009.06.017","article-title":"The effect of sub-culturing on the basal level of type I interferon (IFN) gene expression in the Salmon Head Kidney (SHK-1) cell line","volume":"27","author":"Fourrier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muff, R., Rath, P., Ram Kumar, R.M., Husmann, K., Born, W., Baudis, M., and Fuchs, B. (2015). Genomic instability of osteosarcoma cell lines in culture: Impact on the prediction of metastasis relevant genes. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125611"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2012.11.009","article-title":"Gene expression alterations in doxorubicin resistant MCF7 breast cancer cell line","volume":"101","author":"AbuHammad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, B., and Cepko, C.L. (2007). Requirement of histone deacetylase activity for the expression of critical photoreceptor genes. BMC Dev. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213X-7-78"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21910","article-title":"Histone deacetylase activity in conjunction with E2F-1 and p53 regulates Apaf-1 expression in 661W cells and the retina","volume":"87","author":"Wallace","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2005.09.010","article-title":"Acetylation and deacetylation of non-histone proteins","volume":"363","author":"Glozak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.05.039","article-title":"Regulation at multiple levels of NF-kappaB-mediated transactivation by protein acetylation","volume":"68","author":"Quivy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4281","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0737363100","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors prevent oxidative neuronal death independent of expanded polyglutamine repeats via an Sp1-dependent pathway","volume":"100","author":"Ryu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2013.085","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors in cancer therapy. A review","volume":"158","author":"Hrabeta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc Czechoslov."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5541","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210620","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors: Molecular mechanisms of action","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6693","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207893","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitors specifically kill nonproliferating tumour cells","volume":"23","author":"Burgess","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1160","article-title":"Inhibitors of histone deacetylases induce tumor-selective apoptosis through activation of the death receptor pathway","volume":"11","author":"Insinga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408732102","article-title":"Role of thioredoxin in the response of normal and transformed cells to histone deacetylase inhibitors","volume":"102","author":"Ungerstedt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-5-7","article-title":"The cyclin D1 proto-oncogene is sequestered in the cytoplasm of mammalian cancer cell lines","volume":"5","author":"Alao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8094","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-1023","article-title":"Histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A represses estrogen receptor alpha-dependent transcription and promotes proteasomal degradation of cyclin D1 in human breast carcinoma cell lines","volume":"10","author":"Alao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5975","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.22.16.5975-5988.2002","article-title":"Cell cycle arrest and repression of cyclin D1 transcription by INI1\/hSNF5","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19991112)83:4<555::AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Widespread intraspecies cross-contamination of human tumor cell lines arising at source","volume":"83","author":"MacLeod","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2144\/000112925","article-title":"Curbing rampant cross-contamination and misidentification of cell lines","volume":"45","author":"Nardone","year":"2008","journal-title":"BioTechniques"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-007-9019-9","article-title":"Eradication of cross-contaminated cell lines: A call for action","volume":"23","author":"Nardone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8012","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.121616198","article-title":"Short tandem repeat profiling provides an international reference standard for human cell lines","volume":"98","author":"Masters","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-010-9333-z","article-title":"Recommendation of short tandem repeat profiling for authenticating human cell lines, stem cells, and tissues","volume":"46","author":"Barallon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1024","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27533","article-title":"Detection algorithm for the validation of human cell lines","volume":"131","author":"Eltonsy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7884","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-13292","article-title":"RGC-5 cells","volume":"54","author":"Agarwal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.08.002","article-title":"On the use of immortalized ocular cell lines in vision research: The unfortunate story of RGC-5","volume":"116","author":"Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3209-8_19","article-title":"What is the nature of the RGC-5 cell line?","volume":"801","author":"Sippl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.233452","article-title":"Astragaloside IV protects RGC-5 cells against oxidative stress","volume":"13","author":"Hao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"885","article-title":"Buyang Huanwu Tang protects HO-induced RGC-5 cell against oxidative stress and apoptosis reactive oxygen species-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway","volume":"42","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y.H., Snook, J.D., Zhuang, I., Shen, G., and Frankfort, B.J. (2020). Optimized culture of retinal ganglion cells and amacrine cells from adult mice. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.16.155069"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2022.10.011","article-title":"Directly induced human retinal ganglion cells mimic fetal RGCs and are neuroprotective after transplantation in vivo","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91395-1","article-title":"Retinal ganglion cell survival is promoted by genetically modified astrocytes designed to secrete brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)","volume":"647","author":"Castillo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Barch, M.J.K.T., and Spurbeck, J.L. (1997). The AGT Cytogenetics Laboratory Manual, Lippncott-Raven Publishers."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.9.e45","article-title":"A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR","volume":"29","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/18\/13801\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:46:47Z","timestamp":1760129207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/18\/13801"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241813801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241813801","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]]}}}