{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:46:03Z","timestamp":1791283563891,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ohio State University","award":["3R01AI141531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3R01AI141531"]}]},{"name":"Addis Ababa University","award":["3R01AI141531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3R01AI141531"]}]},{"name":"NIH R01","award":["3R01AI141531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3R01AI141531"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic herpes virus associated with several human malignancies. Two main EBV genotypes (type 1 and type 2) distinguished by the differences in EBV nuclear antigens are known. Geographic variability in these genetic differences has been observed in the incidence of some EBV-related tumors. Here, we investigated the genetic variation of EBV in lymphoma specimens collected in Ethiopia. A total of 207 DNA samples were used for EBV detection and typing, and EBNA1 and EBNA3C genes were used to detect and subtype the EBV genome, respectively. EBV genotype 1 was detected in 52.2% of lymphoma patients. EBV genotype 2 was detected in 38.2% of the lymphoma patients, and 9.7% were coinfected by both EBV genotypes. Overall, 52.8% of the Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma (HL) patients and 51.8% of non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma (NHL) patients showed the presence of genotype 1. Meanwhile, 42.8% and 2.3% of HL patients and 35.8% and 12.4% of NHL patients showed EBV genotype 2 and both genotypes, respectively. Significant associations between the age groups and EBV genotypes were observed (p = 0.027). However, no significant association was seen between EBV genotypes and other sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. This study showed that the distribution of EBV genotype 1 was higher in Ethiopian lymphoma patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241813891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,11]],"date-time":"2023-09-11T09:00:52Z","timestamp":1694422852000},"page":"13891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genotypes Distribution of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus among Lymphoma Patients in Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3334-522X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seifegebriel","family":"Teshome","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 9086, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2525-7123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elshafa Hassan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5248-5036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kidist","family":"Zealiyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI), Addis Ababa 1242, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1176, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Abubeker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 9086, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fisihatsion","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 9086, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Weigel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Baiocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamrat","family":"Abebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 9086, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(64)91524-7","article-title":"Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from burkitt\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"1","author":"Epstein","year":"1964","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-0670-3","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and cancer","volume":"10","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evu054","article-title":"Genome-Wide Analysis of Wild-Type Epstein\u2013Barr Virus Genomes Derived from Healthy Individuals of the 1000 Genomes Project","volume":"6","author":"Santpere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-008-0291-2","article-title":"Spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus-related diseases: A pictorial review","volume":"27","author":"Maeda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.06.014","article-title":"Viral Latency and Its Regulation: Lessons from the \u03b3-Herpesviruses","volume":"8","author":"Speck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8606","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00805-13","article-title":"Constitutive interferon-inducible protein 16-inflammasome activation during Epstein-Barr virus latency I, II, and III in B and epithelial cells","volume":"87","author":"Ansari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcnz, C. (2015). Epstein Barr Virus Volume 2: One Herpes Virus: Many Diseases, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22834-1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28479-2","article-title":"EBV miRNAs BART11 and BART17-3p promote immune escape through the enhancer-mediated transcription of PD-L1","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Kenney, S.C. (2007). Human Herpesviruses: Biology, Therapy, and Immunoprophylaxis, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.06.008","article-title":"An Atlas of the Epstein-Barr Virus Transcriptome and Epigenome Reveals Host-Virus Regulatory Interactions","volume":"12","author":"AArvey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01512-10","article-title":"A New Model of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Reveals an Important Role for Early Lytic Viral Protein Expression in the Development of Lymphomas","volume":"85","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ch\u00eane, A., Donati, D., Guerreiro-Cacais, A.O., Levitsky, V., Chen, Q., I Falk, K., Orem, J., Kironde, F., Wahlgren, M., and Bejarano, M.T. (2007). A Molecular Link between Malaria and Epstein\u2013Barr Virus Reactivation. PLoS Pathog., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030080"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.5.2309-2318.1990","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein (LMP1) and nuclear proteins 2 and 3C are effectors of phenotypic changes in B lymphocytes: EBNA-2 and LMP1 cooperatively induce CD23","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Farrell, P.J. (2015). Epstein Barr Virus Volume 1: One Herpes Virus: Many Diseases, Springer."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7632","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.23.7632","article-title":"U2 region of Epstein-Barr virus DNA may encode Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2","volume":"81","author":"Dambaugh","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4084","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.9.4084-4092.1990","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus types 1 and 2 differ in their EBNA-3A, EBNA-3B, and EBNA-3C genes","volume":"64","author":"Sample","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Tzellos, S. (2014). Mechanism of Superior B Cell Immortalisation Activity of Type 1 Epstein-Barr Virus. [Ph.D. Thesis, Imperial College London]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffiths, P.D., Zuckerman, A., and Banatvala, J. (2000). Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470842474"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00813-18","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00813-18","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus Type 2 Infects T Cells and Induces B Cell Lymphomagenesis in Humanized Mice","volume":"92","author":"Coleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix363","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus Type 2 Infects T Cells in Healthy Kenyan Children","volume":"216","author":"Coleman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e037505","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-037505","article-title":"A Global and regional incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life-years for Epstein-Barr virus-attributable malignancies, 1990\u20132017","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70096-8","article-title":"A review of human carcinogens\u2014Part B: Biological agents","volume":"10","author":"Bouvard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.01.015","article-title":"The genome of Epstein\u2013Barr virus type 2 strain AG876","volume":"350","author":"Dolan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.11.011","article-title":"Association between EBNA2 and LMP1 subtypes of Epstein-Barr virus and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Thais","volume":"42","author":"Tiwawech","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.4.1801-1809.2000","article-title":"Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses to a Polymorphic Epstein-Barr Virus Epitope Identify Healthy Carriers with Coresident Viral Strains","volume":"74","author":"Brooks","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-019-0415-5","article-title":"Mutational profile and EBV strains of extranodal NK\/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type in Latin America","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1802","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Peripheral Blood EBV-DNA Determination and Genotyping in Lymphoma Patients","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2012.11.010","article-title":"Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus and Genotyping Based on EBNA2 Protein in Mexican Patients with Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Comparative Study in Children and Adults","volume":"13","author":"Palma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2018.19.11.3153","article-title":"Prevalence of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus Genotypes in Pakistani Lymphoma Patients","volume":"19","author":"Salahuddin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Begi\u0107, V., Kora\u0107, P., Ga\u0161parov, S., Rozman, M., Simicic, P., and Zidovec-Lepej, S. (2022). Molecular Characterisation of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415635"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2018.29.181.11847","article-title":"Evidence of EBV infection in lymphomas diagnosed in Lusaka, Zambia","volume":"29","author":"Kafita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens1020156","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus Sequence Variation\u2014Biology and Disease","volume":"1","author":"Tzellos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001420","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus genetic variants are associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"84","author":"Mechelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40880-015-0073-z","article-title":"A single nucleotide polymorphism in the Epstein-Barr virus genome is strongly associated with a high risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"34","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwok, H., Tong, A.H., Lin, C.H., Lok, S., Farrell, P.J., Kwong, D.L., and Chiang, A.K. (2012). Genomic sequencing and comparative analysis of Epstein-Barr virus genome isolated from primary nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsy. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036939"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02256110","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1: Structure and functions","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6458","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00135-06","article-title":"LMP1 Strain Variants: Biological and Molecular Properties","volume":"80","author":"Mainou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.11.020","article-title":"Characterization of Epstein-Barr virus Type I variants based on linked polymorphism among EBNA3A, -3B, and-3C genes","volume":"118","author":"Niesters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI58092","article-title":"EBNA3B-deficient EBV promotes B cell lymphomagenesis in humanized mice and is found in human tumors","volume":"122","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65193-0","article-title":"Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Nuclear Antigen (EBNA)-4 Mutation in EBV-Associated Malignancies in Three Different Populations","volume":"155","author":"Chu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3031","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32049","article-title":"High risk Epstein-Barr virus variants characterized by distinct polymorphisms in the EBER locus are strongly associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"144","author":"Hui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5222","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03614-14","article-title":"Genome Diversity of Epstein-Barr Virus from Multiple Tumor Types and Normal Infection","volume":"89","author":"Palser","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0324-5","article-title":"Genomic and transcriptomic landscapes of Epstein-Barr virus in extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma","volume":"33","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwok, H., Chan, K.W., Chan, K.H., and Chiang AK, S. (2015). Distribution, persistence and interchange of Epstein-Barr virus strains among PBMC, plasma and saliva of primary infection subjects. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120710"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2020.06.004","article-title":"Genotypes of Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV1\/EBV2) in individuals with infectious mononucleosis in the metropolitan area of Bel\u00e9m, Brazil, between 2005 and 2016","volume":"24","author":"Monteiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2020.21.3.693","article-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies","volume":"21","author":"Tabibzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000319632","article-title":"Genotypic Analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus Isolates Associated with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Northern China","volume":"54","author":"Cui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smatti, M.K., Yassine, H.M., AbuOdeh, R., AlMarawani, A., Taleb, S.A., Althani, A.A., and Nasrallah, G.K. (2017). Prevalence and molecular profiling of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) among healthy blood donors from different nationalities in Qatar. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189033"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00211","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr Virus Epidemiology, Serology, and Genetic Variability of LMP-1 Oncogene Among Healthy Population: An Update","volume":"8","author":"Smatti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)90829-5","article-title":"Detection of a second widespread strain of epstein-barr virus","volume":"334","author":"Sixbey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V81.12.3372.3372","article-title":"Precision of genotyping of Epstein-Barr virus by polymerase chain reaction using three gene loci (EBNA-2, EBNA-3C, and EBER): Predominance of type A virus associated with Hodgkin\u2019s disease","volume":"81","author":"Lin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, L.M.S., Fran\u00e7a, E.d.S., Costa, I.B., Lima, I.T., Freire, A.B.C., Ramos, F.L.d.P., Monteiro, T.A.F., Macedo, O., Sousa, R.C.M., and Freitas, F.B. (2022). Epstein\u2013Barr Virus (EBV) Genotypes Associated with the Immunopathological Profile of People Living with HIV-1: Immunological Aspects of Primary EBV Infection. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14020168"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayee, R., Ofori, M.E.O., Tagoe, E.A., Languon, S., Searyoh, K., Armooh, L., Bilson-Amoah, E., Baidoo, K., Kitcher, E., and Wright, E. (2020). Genotypic Characterization of Epstein Barr Virus in Blood of Patients with Suspected Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Ghana. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070766"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"317","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus association in pediatric abdominal non-Hodgkin-lymphomas from Turkey","volume":"48","author":"Tinguely","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2010.01460.x","article-title":"Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) genotypes among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related B-cell Lymphomas and B-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (B-PTLD)\u2013late-onset lymphomas, especially in the HIV setting, are associated with type-B-EBV","volume":"85","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27858","article-title":"EBV primary infection in childhood and its relation to B-cell lymphoma development: A mini-review from a developing region","volume":"133","author":"Chabay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03378-13","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 genetic variability in peripheral blood B cells and oropharyngeal fluids","volume":"88","author":"Renzette","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190701411177","article-title":"Association between Epstein-Barr virus and Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma in Belgium: A pathological and virological study","volume":"48","author":"Bonnet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro, T.A.F., Costa, I.B., Costa, I.B., dos Santos Corr\u00eaa, T.L., Coelho, B.M.R., Polaro, A.A., da Silva, A.E.S., de Paula Ramos, F.L., Martins Filho, A.J., and Monteiro, J.L.F. (2019). Gene EBNA3C: Type of Infection by EBV (EBV1 and EBV2) Correlation with Clinical and Biochemical Parameters (AST, ALT and GGT) in Individuals with Infectious Mononucleosis in the Metropolitan Area of Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, 2005\u20132016. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.2.10515\/v4"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4884","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.8.4884-4894.1996","article-title":"Frequency of multiple Epstein-Barr virus infections in T-cell-immunocompromised individuals","volume":"70","author":"Yao","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20782","article-title":"Epstein Barr virus genotypes and LMP-1 variants in HIV-infected patients","volume":"79","author":"Correa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-02078-z","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus variation in people living with human immunodeficiency virus in southeastern China","volume":"20","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/18\/13891\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:47:58Z","timestamp":1760129278000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/18\/13891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241813891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241813891","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]]}}}