{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T19:11:01Z","timestamp":1789413061831,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-75-10084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-75-10084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a modern treatment for severe or treatment-resistant vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS). The chronic and recurrent nature of VLS requires control of recurrences at an early stage. In this paper, a non-invasive multimodal optical coherence tomography (OCT) method was used to control for early histological signs of VLS recurrence after systemic PDT using Photodithazine\u00ae. To interpret the OCT data, a histological examination was performed before PDT and 3 months after PDT. Two groups of patients were identified: with early histological signs of VLS recurrence (Group I, n = 5) and without histological signs of VLS recurrence (Group II, n = 6). We use structural OCT, OCT angiography, and OCT lymphangiography throughout 6 months after PDT to visually assess the skin components and to quantitatively assess the dermis by calculating the depth-resolved attenuation coefficient and the density of blood and lymphatic vessels. The OCT data assessment showed a statistically significant difference between the patient groups 3 months after PDT. In Group II, all the studied OCT parameters reached maximum values by the 3rd month after PDT, which indicated recovery of the skin structure. At the same time, in Group I, the values of OCT parameters did not approach the values those in Group II even after 6 months. The obtained results of multimodal OCT can be used for non-invasive control of early histological recurrence of VLS after systemic PDT and for adjusting treatment tactics in advance, without waiting for new clinical manifestations of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241813967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T04:38:48Z","timestamp":1694493528000},"page":"13967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Multimodal OCT Control for Early Histological Signs of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus Recurrence after Systemic PDT: Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4343-2500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arseniy","family":"Potapov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5736-820X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lev","family":"Matveev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Moiseev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Physics Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Sedova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nizhny Novgorod Regional Oncologic Hospital, 603126 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Loginova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"},{"name":"Center of Photonics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Karabut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"},{"name":"N.A. Semashko Nizhny Novgorod Regional Clinical Hospital, 603126 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktoriya","family":"Levchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nizhny Novgorod Regional Oncologic Hospital, 603126 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Grebenkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nizhny Novgorod Regional Oncologic Hospital, 603126 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"},{"name":"Kstovo Central District Hospital, 607650 Kstovo, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0223-0753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Gamayunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nizhny Novgorod Regional Oncologic Hospital, 603126 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4669-260X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefka","family":"Radenska-Lopovok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Morphology and Digital Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Sirotkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Gladkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Oncology and Biomedical Technologies, Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.34613","article-title":"Lichen Sclerosus: An autoimmunopathogenic and genomic enigma with emerging genetic and immune targets","volume":"15","author":"Tran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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