{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T11:19:07Z","timestamp":1779362347573,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thin-film nanocrystalline hematite electrodes were fabricated by electrochemical deposition and loaded with electrodeposited zinc oxide in various amounts. Under visible light illumination, these electrodes demonstrate high activity in the photoelectrochemical degradation of methanol, ethylene glycol and, in particular, glycerol. Results of intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy show that the photoelectrocatalysis efficiency is explained by the suppression of the electron\u2013hole pair recombination and an increase in the rate of photo-induced charge transfer. Thus, zinc oxide can be considered an effective modifying additive for hematite photoanodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]],"date-time":"2023-09-14T09:57:56Z","timestamp":1694685476000},"page":"14046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Photoelectrocatalytic Activity of ZnO-Modified Hematite Films in the Reaction of Alcohol Degradation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3223-3194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitali A.","family":"Grinberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 31, Building 4, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2746-449X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor V.","family":"Emets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 31, Building 4, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia A.","family":"Mayorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 31, Building 4, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksey A.","family":"Averin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 31, Building 4, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2467-825X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrei A.","family":"Shiryaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 31, Building 4, 119071 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6301","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.8b01317","article-title":"Recent advances in thermo-, photo-, and electrocatalytic glycerol oxidation","volume":"8","author":"Dodekatos","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.112763","article-title":"A new example of circular economy: Waste vegetable oil for cogeneration in wastewater treatment plants","volume":"211","author":"Massarotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3186","DOI":"10.1039\/C7GC00358G","article-title":"Glycerol as a potential renewable raw material for acrylic acid production","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ee00069a","article-title":"Lactic acid as a platform chemical in the biobased economy: The role of chemocatalysis","volume":"6","author":"Dusselier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2017.07.002","article-title":"Production of lactic acid from glycerol via chemical conversion using solid catalyst: A review","volume":"543","author":"Razali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A Gen."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tetlet.2006.07.123","article-title":"One-pot electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol to DHA","volume":"47","author":"Ciriminna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4434","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200604694","article-title":"From glycerol to value-added products","volume":"46","author":"Pagliaro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1039\/c1gc15320j","article-title":"Selective catalytic oxidation of glycerol: Perspectives for high value chemical","volume":"13","author":"Katryniok","year":"2011","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09788-5","article-title":"Selective photoelectrochemical oxidation of glycerol to high value-added dihydroxyacetone","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7581","DOI":"10.1039\/C3CS60392J","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical hydrogen production from biomass derivatives and water","volume":"43","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EW00276B","article-title":"Recent trend in visible-light photoelectrocatalytic systems for degradation of organic contaminants in water\/wastewater","volume":"4","author":"Peleyeju","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcata.2014.10.002","article-title":"Efficient synthesis of MoS2 nanoparticles modified TiO2 nanobelts with enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity","volume":"396","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2019.06.065","article-title":"Surface-Modified Co-doped ZnO Photoanode for Photoelectrochemical Oxidation of Glycerol","volume":"359","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2015.03.023","article-title":"\u03b1-Fe2O3 as a photocatalytic material: A review","volume":"498","author":"Mishra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl.Catal. A Gen."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2015.07.026","article-title":"Photoelectrocatalytic activity of liquid phase deposited \u03b1-Fe2O3 films under visible light illumination","volume":"648","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11537","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b05184","article-title":"Kinetics of Photoelectrochemical Oxidation of Methanol on Hematite Photoanodes","volume":"139","author":"Mesa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2016.12.173","article-title":"Photocurrent increase by metal modification of Fe2O3 photoanodes and its effect on photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen production by degradation of organic substances","volume":"400","author":"Iervolino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10008-020-04878-7","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical oxidation of glycerol on hematite: Thermal effects, in situ FTIR and long-term HPLC product analysis","volume":"25","author":"Perini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Solid State Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1134\/S1023193522080055","article-title":"Methanol Photoelectrooxidation on Hematite Films Modified with TiO2, Bi, and Co","volume":"58","author":"Grinberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Russ. J. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grinberg, V.A., Emets, V.V., Mayorova, N.A., Averin, A.A., and Shiryaev, A.A. (2022). Photoelectrocatalytic Properties of a Ti-Modified Nanocrystalline Hematite Film Photoanode. Catalysts, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal12101243"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2015.02.118","article-title":"Enhanced photoelectrochemical conversion performance of ZnO quantum dots sensitized \u03b1-Fe2O3 thin films","volume":"40","author":"Ikram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1039\/c2nr30862b","article-title":"Surface treatment of hematite photoanodes with zinc acetate for water oxidation","volume":"4","author":"Xi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2016.03.008","article-title":"Extremely stable bare hematite photoanode for solar water splitting","volume":"23","author":"Dias","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1380-6_4","article-title":"Nanostructured \u03b1-Fe2O3 Photoanodes","volume":"Volume 102","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22485","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CP04267D","article-title":"The potential versus current state of water splitting with hematite","volume":"17","author":"Zandi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16896","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA03362D","article-title":"The rise of hematite: Origin and strategies to reduce the high onset potential for the oxygen evolution reaction","volume":"3","author":"Iandolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2015.07.005","article-title":"Hematite nanorods Co-doped with Ru cations with different valence states as high performance photoanodes for water splitting","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA07095C","article-title":"Systematic comparison of different dopants in thin film hematite (\u03b1-Fe2O3) photoanodes for solar water splitting","volume":"4","author":"Malviya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100104","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202100104","article-title":"Nanoscale ZnO\/\u03b1-Fe2O3 Heterostructures: Toward Efficient and Low-Cost Photoanodes for Water Splitting","volume":"2","author":"Liccardo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Small Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6304","DOI":"10.1039\/C1EE02567H","article-title":"Correlating long-lived photogenerated hole populations with photocurrent densities in hematite water oxidation photoanodes","volume":"5","author":"Pendlebury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7681","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201402742","article-title":"Understanding the Role of Underlayers and Overlayers in Thin Film Hematite Photoanodes","volume":"24","author":"Steier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EE01845A","article-title":"Hematite heterostructures for photoelectrochemical water splitting: Rational materials design and charge carrier dynamics","volume":"9","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3810","DOI":"10.1021\/jp512189c","article-title":"Activation of Hematite Photoanodes for Solar Water Splitting: Effect of FTO Deformation","volume":"119","author":"Annamalai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3800","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CY00669K","article-title":"Developments and perspectives of oxide-based catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction","volume":"4","author":"Fabbri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4202","DOI":"10.1021\/ja908730h","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation by Cobalt Catalyst (\u201cCo-Pi\u201d)\/\u03b1-Fe2O3 Composite Photoanodes: Oxygen Evolution and Resolution of a Kinetic Bottleneck","volume":"132","author":"Zhong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochemrev.2017.10.001","article-title":"Prospects of electrochemically synthesized hematite photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting: A review","volume":"33","author":"Phuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2200141","article-title":"An electrochemical deposition route for obtaining \u03b1-Fe2O3 thin films","volume":"9","author":"Schrebler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Electrochem. Solid-State Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2019.02.082","article-title":"Investigations of structural and optical properties of zinc oxide thin films growth on various substrates","volume":"13","author":"Ribut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3093(72)90194-9","article-title":"States in the gap","volume":"8\u201310","author":"Tauc","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"17","article-title":"Grain size dependence of optical properties and positron annihilation parameters in Bi2O3 powder","volume":"15","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nano."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8176","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-018-8824-7","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy of electrodeposited hematite \u03b1-Fe2O3 thin films: Effect ofcycle numbers","volume":"29","author":"Landolsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2007.07.156","article-title":"Growth and characterisation of electrodeposited ZnO thin films","volume":"516","author":"Wellings","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2017.09.003","article-title":"ZnO\/c-Fe2O3 charge transfer interface in zinc-iron oxide hollow cages towards efficient photodegradation of industrial dyes and methanol electrooxidation","volume":"355","author":"Adak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Catal."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14157","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b03921","article-title":"Novel ZnO\/Fe2O3 Core-Shell Nanowires for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting","volume":"7","author":"Hsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2020.110469","article-title":"Effect of Fe2O3 coating on ZnO nanowires in photoelectrochemical water splitting: A synchrotron X-ray spectroscopic and spectromicroscopic investigation","volume":"209","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.05.109","article-title":"Tailoring morphological characteristics of zinc oxide using a one-step hydrothermal method for photoelectrochemical water splitting application","volume":"44","author":"Marlinda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1021\/cs500372v","article-title":"Visible Light Driven Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation by Zn- and Ti-Doped Hematite Nanostructures","volume":"4","author":"Mirbagheri","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D500","DOI":"10.1149\/1.3599059","article-title":"Electrodeposited Nanostructured \u03b1-Fe2O3 Photoanodes for Solar Water Splitting: Effect of Surface Co-Modification on Photoelectrochemical Performance","volume":"158","author":"Schrebler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0728(96)05033-4","article-title":"Intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy: Reconciliation of phenomenological analysis with multistep electron transfer mechanisms","volume":"427","author":"Peter","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1039\/C1FD00079A","article-title":"Kinetics of light-driven oxygen evolution at a-Fe2O3 electrodes","volume":"155","author":"Peter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Faraday Discuss."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29653","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CP06533G","article-title":"Understanding the Role of Co-Catalysts on Silicon Photocathodes Using Intensity Modulated Photocurrent Spectroscopy","volume":"19","author":"Thorne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/18\/14046\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:50:22Z","timestamp":1760129422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/18\/14046"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241814046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241814046","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]}}}