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While their underlying causes and pathophysiology display considerable diversity and remain incompletely understood, a mounting body of evidence indicates that the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, resulting in brain damage and neuroinflammation, is a common feature among them. Consequently, targeting the BBB has emerged as an innovative therapeutic strategy for addressing neurological disorders. Within this review, we not only explore the neuroprotective, neurotrophic, and immunomodulatory benefits of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in combating neurodegeneration but also delve into their recent role in modulating the BBB. We will investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms through which MSC treatment impacts primary age-related neurological conditions like Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and stroke, as well as immune-mediated diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Our focus will center on how MSCs participate in the modulation of cell transporters, matrix remodeling, stabilization of cell-junction components, and restoration of BBB network integrity in these pathological contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T02:54:13Z","timestamp":1694746453000},"page":"14117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Novel Therapeutic Opportunities for Neurodegenerative Diseases with Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Focus on Modulating the Blood-Brain Barrier"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9802-2453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Vargas-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cuenca-Martag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1345-3020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Castillo-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3535-3925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Serrano-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7585-1913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ra\u00fal M.","family":"Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"},{"name":"Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), 14004 Cordoba, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1893-5982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3917-9020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra (IPBLN), CSIC, PT Salud, 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, May 06). 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