{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T08:46:11Z","timestamp":1771058771126,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HKUST Foshan Research Institute for Smart Manufacturing","award":["HZQB-KCZYB-2020083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HZQB-KCZYB-2020083"]}]},{"name":"Hetao Shenzhen-Hong Kong Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Zone","award":["HZQB-KCZYB-2020083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HZQB-KCZYB-2020083"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantum dots (QDs) have attracted a lot of attention over the past decades due to their sharp emission spectrum and color, which can be tuned by changing just the particle size and chromophoric stability. All these advantages of QDs make quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) promising candidates for display and light-source applications. This paper demonstrates a large-emitting-area QLED fabricated by a full-solution process. This QLED is composed of indium tin oxide (ITO) as the anode, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) as the hole injection layer (HIL), and poly(N,N\u2032-bis-4-butylphenyl-N,N\u2032-bisphenyl)benzidine (poly-TPD) as the hole-transport layer (HTL). The light-emitting layer (EML) is composed of green CdSe\/ZnS quantum dots. By applying the ZnO nanoparticles as the electron-injection\/transport layer, QLED devices are prepared under a full-solution process. The large-emitting-area QLED exhibits a low turn-on voltage of around 2~3 V, and the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 1931 coordinate value of the emission spectrum was (0.31, 0.66). The large emitting area and the unique QLED structure of the device make it possible to apply these features to inkjet printing quantum dot light sources and quantum dot display applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T21:26:32Z","timestamp":1695245192000},"page":"14350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Large-Emitting-Area Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes Fabricated by an All-Solution Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7126-858X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Foshan Research Institute for Smart Manufacturing, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Electronic Packaging Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7706-522X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. W. Ricky","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Foshan Research Institute for Smart Manufacturing, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Electronic Packaging Laboratory, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Smart Manufacturing Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China"},{"name":"HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Shenzhen 518045, China"},{"name":"HKUST LED-FPD Technology R&D Centre, Foshan 528200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607022","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201607022","article-title":"Quantum-dot light-emitting diodes for large-area displays: Towards the dawn of commercialization","volume":"29","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8706","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00072a025","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E = sulfur, selenium, tellurium) semiconductor nanocrystallites","volume":"115","author":"Murray","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-009-9047-2","article-title":"An essay on synthetic chemistry of colloidal nanocrystals","volume":"2","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200305395","article-title":"Colloidal PbS Nanocrystals with Size-Tunable Near-Infrared Emission: Observation of Post-Synthesis Self-Narrowing of the Particle Size Distribution","volume":"15","author":"Hines","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9810217","article-title":"Bright UV-blue luminescent colloidal ZnSe nanocrystals","volume":"102","author":"Hines","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/370354a0","article-title":"Light-emitting diodes made from cadmium selenide nanocrystals and a semiconducting polymer","volume":"370","author":"Colvin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01217","article-title":"Electroluminescence from single monolayers of nanocrystals in molecular organic devices","volume":"420","author":"Coe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2011.171","article-title":"Stable and efficient quantum-dot light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed multilayer structures","volume":"5","author":"Qian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4095(20020219)14:4<265::AID-ADMA265>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Novel Electrodes from Solution-Processed Layer-Structure Materials","volume":"14","author":"Frey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0623208","article-title":"NiO as an inorganic hole-transporting layer in quantum-dot light-emitting devices","volume":"6","author":"Caruge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200601619","article-title":"A Multilayered Polymer Light-Emitting Diode Using a Nanocrystalline Metal-Oxide Film as a Charge-Injection Electrode","volume":"19","author":"Haque","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1021\/nl3003254","article-title":"Bright and efficient full-color colloidal quantum dot light-emitting diodes using an inverted device structure","volume":"12","author":"Kwak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.5b00267","article-title":"Size tunable ZnO nanoparticles to enhance electron injection in solution processed QLEDs","volume":"3","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2013.70","article-title":"High-efficiency quantum-dot light-emitting devices with enhanced charge injection","volume":"7","author":"Mashford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5203","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.0c00639","article-title":"ZnO Nanoparticles for Quantum Dot-Based Light-Emitting Diodes","volume":"3","author":"Moyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, N., Kwok, Z.H.E., and Lee, S.W.R. (2018, January 17\u201320). Quantum dot light emitting diodes based on ZnO nanoparticles. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Electronic Materials and Packaging (EMAP), Hong Kong, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMAP.2018.8660807"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1166\/sam.2014.2013","article-title":"Large-Area Quantum-Dot Light Emitting Diode Arrays with ZnO Nanoparticles as Electron Transport\/Injection Layer","volume":"6","author":"Qasim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4920","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b06387","article-title":"Multilayer transfer printing for pixelated, multicolor quantum dot light-emitting diodes","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2023.134868","article-title":"Facile and scalable fabrication process of electroluminescent filament with high luminescent efficiency","volume":"350","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rabeel, M., Javed, S., Khan, R., Akram, M.A., Rehman, S., Kim, D.-K., and Khan, M.F. (2022). Controlling the wettability of ZnO thin films by spray pyrolysis for photocatalytic applications. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15093364"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13829","article-title":"Solution-processed, high-performance light-emitting diodes based on quantum dots","volume":"515","author":"Dai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.143923","article-title":"Single-atom Fe nanozymes coupling with atomic clusters as superior oxidase mimics for ratiometric fluorescence detection","volume":"469","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4431","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.491732","article-title":"Sensing mechanism of an Au-TiO2-Ag nanograting based on Fano resonance effects","volume":"62","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.2.000594","article-title":"Perspective on synthesis, device structures, and printing processes for quantum dot displays","volume":"2","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82192","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA10656G","article-title":"Flexible quantum dot light emitting diodes based on ZnO nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nphoton.2009.92","article-title":"High-performance cross-linked colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting diodes","volume":"3","author":"Cho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603325","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201603325","article-title":"A general solvent selection strategy for solution processed quantum dots targeting high performance light-emitting diode","volume":"27","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045604","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/4\/045604","article-title":"Controlled synthesis and application of ZnO nanoparticles, nanorods and nanospheres in dye-sensitized solar cells","volume":"20","author":"Seow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3789","DOI":"10.1021\/j100298a015","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of quantum size zinc oxide: A detailed spectroscopic study","volume":"91","author":"Bahnemann","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2313(99)00599-2","article-title":"Identification of the transition responsible for the visible emission in ZnO using quantum size effects","volume":"90","author":"Meulenkamp","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Lumin."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16029","DOI":"10.1021\/ja075604i","article-title":"Stable aqueous dispersion of ZnO quantum dots with strong blue emission via simple solution route","volume":"129","author":"Fu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1039\/b310404d","article-title":"Understanding the quantum size effects in ZnO nanocrystals","volume":"14","author":"Viswanatha","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"11","article-title":"A comprehensive review of ZnO materials and devices","volume":"98","author":"Alivov","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1039\/b800028j","article-title":"Red, green, and blue quantum dot LEDs with solution processable ZnO nanocrystal electron injection layers","volume":"18","author":"Stouwdam","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Tu, N. (2020). Quantum Dots\u2014Fundamental and Applications, IntechOpen."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/18\/14350\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:54:01Z","timestamp":1760129641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/18\/14350"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241814350"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241814350","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]}}}