{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T02:57:15Z","timestamp":1792637835047,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biodegradable bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a highly in-demand but expensive polymer, and the reduction of its production cost is an important task. The present study aimed to biosynthesize BNC on biologically high-quality hydrolyzate media prepared from miscanthus and oat hulls, and to explore the properties of the resultant BNC depending on the microbial producer used. In this study, three microbial producers were utilized for the biosynthesis of BNC: individual strains Komagataeibacter xylinus B-12429 and Komagataeibacter xylinus B-12431, and symbiotic Medusomyces gisevii Sa-12. The use of symbiotic Medusomyces gisevii Sa-12 was found to have technological benefits: nutrient media require no mineral salts or growth factors, and pasteurization is sufficient for the nutrient medium instead of sterilization. The yield of BNCs produced by the symbiotic culture turned out to be 44\u201365% higher than that for the individual strains. The physicochemical properties of BNC, such as nanofibril width, degree of polymerization, elastic modulus, I\u03b1 allomorph content and crystallinity index, are most notably dependent on the microbial producer type rather than the nutrient medium composition. This is the first study in which we investigated the biosynthesis of BNC on hydrolyzate media prepared from miscanthus and oat hulls under the same conditions but using different microbial producers, and showed that it is advisable to use the symbiotic culture. The choice of a microbial producer is grounded on the yield, production process simplification and properties. The BNC production from technical raw materials would cover considerable demands of BNC for technical purposes without competing with food resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T21:08:36Z","timestamp":1695330516000},"page":"14401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Biosynthesis of Bacterial Nanocellulose from Low-Cost Cellulosic Feedstocks: Effect of Microbial Producer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8897-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina A.","family":"Skiba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioconversion, Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), 659322 Biysk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5572-1476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadezhda A.","family":"Shavyrkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioconversion, Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), 659322 Biysk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Skiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Chemical College of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9, Miusskaya Square, 125047 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4677-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galina F.","family":"Mironova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioconversion, Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), 659322 Biysk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1628-0815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera V.","family":"Budaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioconversion, Institute for Problems of Chemical and Energetic Technologies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCET SB RAS), 659322 Biysk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.10.247","article-title":"Advanced Hybrid Nanomaterials","volume":"10","author":"Taubert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.008","article-title":"Properties of Degradable Polyhydroxyalkanoates with Different Monomer Compositions","volume":"182","author":"Volova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117313","article-title":"Biotech Nanocellulose: A Review on Progress in Product Design and Today\u2019s State of Technical and Medical Applications","volume":"254","author":"Klemm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214327","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202214327","article-title":"Insights into Hierarchical Structure\u2013Property\u2013Application Relationships of Advanced Bacterial Cellulose Materials","volume":"33","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2021.100623","article-title":"Bacterial Cellulose: A Smart Biomaterial with Diverse Applications","volume":"145","author":"Gregory","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volova, T.G., Prudnikova, S.V., Kiselev, E.G., Nemtsev, I.V., Vasiliev, A.D., Kuzmin, A.P., and Shishatskaya, E.I. (2022). Bacterial Cellulose (BC) and BC Composites: Production and Properties. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12020192"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasil\u2019kov, A., Butenko, I., Naumkin, A., Voronova, A., Golub, A., Buzin, M., Shtykova, E., Volkov, V., and Sadykova, V. (2023). Hybrid Silver-Containing Materials Based on Various Forms of Bacterial Cellulose: Synthesis, Structure, and Biological Activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087667"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petrova, V.A., Gofman, I.V., Dubashynskaya, N.V., Golovkin, A.S., Mishanin, A.I., Ivan\u2019kova, E.M., Romanov, D.P., Khripunov, A.K., Vlasova, E.N., and Migunova, A.V. (2023). Chitosan Composites with Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers Doped with Nanosized Cerium Oxide: Characterization and Cytocompatibility Evaluation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065415"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moniri, M., Boroumand Moghaddam, A., Azizi, S., Abdul Rahim, R., Bin Ariff, A., Zuhainis Saad, W., Navaderi, M., and Mohamad, R. (2017). Production and Status of Bacterial Cellulose in Biomedical Engineering. Nanomaterials, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7090257"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.11.121","article-title":"In Situ and Ex Situ Modifications of Bacterial Cellulose for Applications in Tissue Engineering","volume":"82","author":"Stumpf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.05.006","article-title":"Development of Culture Media Containing Spent Yeast Cells of Debaryomyces Hansenii and Corn Steep Liquor for Lactic Acid Production with Lactobacillus Rhamnosus","volume":"97","author":"Rivas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.02.071","article-title":"Progress in Bacterial Cellulose Matrices for Biotechnological Applications","volume":"213","author":"Cacicedo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-017-1309-7","article-title":"Production of Bacterial Cellulose from Alternative Low-Cost Substrates","volume":"24","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.110","article-title":"Strategies for Cost-Effective and Enhanced Production of Bacterial Cellulose","volume":"102","author":"Islam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-019-02307-1","article-title":"Production of Bacterial Cellulose from Industrial Wastes: A Review","volume":"26","author":"Hussain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109963","article-title":"Bacterial Nanocellulose: Present Status, Biomedical Applications and Future Perspectives","volume":"104","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s11814-020-0524-3","article-title":"Production of Bacterial Cellulose from Alternative Cheap and Waste Resources: A Step for Cost Reduction with Positive Environmental Aspects","volume":"37","author":"Ullah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, C. (2020). Industrial-Scale Production and Applications of Bacterial Cellulose. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.605374"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-021-04020-4","article-title":"A Review of Bacterial Cellulose: Sustainable Production from Agricultural Waste and Applications in Various Fields","volume":"28","author":"Urbina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lupa\u0219cu, R.E., Ghica, M.V., Dinu-P\u00eervu, C.-E., Popa, L., Velescu, B.\u0218., and Arsene, A.L. (2022). An Overview Regarding Microbial Aspects of Production and Applications of Bacterial Cellulose. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15020676"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avcioglu, N.H. (2022). Bacterial Cellulose: Recent Progress in Production and Industrial Applications. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 38.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-022-03271-y"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6747","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03273-9","article-title":"The Optimization of Bacterial Cellulose Production and Its Applications: A Review","volume":"27","author":"Andriani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chopda, R., Ferreira, J.A., and Taherzadeh, M.J. (2020). Biorefining Oat Husks into High-Quality Lignin and Enzymatically Digestible Cellulose with Acid-Catalyzed Ethanol Organosolv Pretreatment. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8040435"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Son, J., Lee, K.H., Lee, T., Kim, H.S., Shin, W.H., Oh, J.-M., Koo, S.-M., Yu, B.J., Yoo, H.Y., and Park, C. (2022). Enhanced Production of Bacterial Cellulose from Miscanthus as Sustainable Feedstock through Statistical Optimization of Culture Conditions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020866"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117178","article-title":"Self-Standardization of Quality of Bacterial Cellulose Produced by Medusomyces Gisevii in Nutrient Media Derived from Miscanthus Biomass","volume":"252","author":"Skiba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-021-04372-x","article-title":"Yield and Quality of Bacterial Cellulose from Agricultural Waste","volume":"29","author":"Skiba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12073","article-title":"A Review on Kombucha Tea-Microbiology, Composition, Fermentation, Beneficial Effects, Toxicity, and Tea Fungus","volume":"13","author":"Jayabalan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.020","article-title":"Yeast Ecology of Kombucha Fermentation","volume":"95","author":"Teoh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.230","article-title":"Bacterial Cellulose in Food Industry: Current Research and Future Prospects","volume":"158","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.05.005","article-title":"Bacterial Cellulose Biosynthesis: Diversity of Operons, Subunits, Products, and Functions","volume":"23","author":"Galperin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"61","article-title":"Improvement of Bacterial Cellulose Production By Aceobacter Xyilinum Dsmz-2004 on Poor Quality Horticultural Substrates Using the Taguchi Method for Media Optimization. Part I","volume":"47","author":"Casarica","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cellul. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19048","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b04927","article-title":"Engineering and Characterization of Bacterial Nanocellulose Films as Low Cost and Flexible Sensor Material","volume":"9","author":"Mangayil","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-020-02746-5","article-title":"Bacterial Cellulose Membranes for Environmental Water Remediation and Industrial Wastewater Treatment","volume":"17","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063774522030026","article-title":"X-ray Diffraction Data on the Bacterial Nanocellulose Synthesized by Komagataeibacter Xylinus B-12429 and B-12431 Microbial Producers in Miscanthus- and Oat Hull-Derived Enzymatic Hydrolyzates","volume":"67","author":"Aleshina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crystallogr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063774518050024","article-title":"X-ray Diffraction Study of Bacterial Nanocellulose Produced by the Medusomyces Gisevii Sa-12 Culture in Enzymatic Hydrolysates of Oat Hulls","volume":"63","author":"Aleshina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crystallogr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063774519060026","article-title":"X-ray Diffraction Study of Bacterial Nanocellulose Produced by Medusomyces Gisevii Sa-12 Cultured in Enzymatic Hydrolysates of Miscanthus","volume":"64","author":"Aleshina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crystallogr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-023-05238-0","article-title":"Sustainable Bacterial Cellulose Production by Low Cost Feedstock: Evaluation of Apple and Tea by-Products as Alternative Sources of Nutrients","volume":"30","author":"Amorim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123608","article-title":"Static Intermittent Fed-Batch Production of Bacterial Nanocellulose from Black Tea and Its Modification Using Chitosan to Develop Antibacterial Green Packaging Material","volume":"279","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9335","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-021-04100-5","article-title":"Kombucha-Derived Bacterial Cellulose from Diverse Wastes: A Prudent Leather Alternative","volume":"28","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-015-0802-0","article-title":"Enhancement of the Fermentation Process and Properties of Bacterial Cellulose: A Review","volume":"23","author":"Campano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131346","article-title":"Bacterial Cellulose Films Production by Kombucha Symbiotic Community Cultured on Different Herbal Infusions","volume":"372","author":"Peltzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1006\/fmic.1996.0047","article-title":"The Isolation and Identification of Microbes from a Fermented Tea Beverage, Haipao, and Their Interactions during Haipao Fermentation","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.12.015","article-title":"Kombucha Tea Fermentation: Microbial and Biochemical Dynamics","volume":"220","author":"Chakravorty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1965.12018201","article-title":"A Millennium of Fungi, Food, and Fermentation","volume":"57","author":"Hesseltine","year":"1965","journal-title":"Mycologia"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2013.09.003","article-title":"Sequence-Based Analysis of the Bacterial and Fungal Compositions of Multiple Kombucha (Tea Fungus) Samples","volume":"38","author":"Marsh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"648","article-title":"Influence of Heavy Water on the Metabolism of a Symbiotic Organism","volume":"48","author":"Kutyshenko","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biophysics"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34796","article-title":"Kombucha-Synthesized Bacterial Cellulose: Preparation, Characterization, and Biocompatibility Evaluation","volume":"102","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.202","article-title":"Biotransformation of Fermented Black Tea into Bacterial Nanocellulose via Symbiotic Interplay of Microorganisms","volume":"132","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126454","article-title":"Current Challenges, Applications and Future Perspectives of SCOBY Cellulose of Kombucha Fermentation","volume":"295","author":"Laavanya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111552","article-title":"Symbiotic Culture of Nanocellulose Pellicle: A Potential Matrix for 3D Bioprinting","volume":"119","author":"Pillai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betlej, I., Rybak, K., Nowacka, M., Antczak, A., Borysiak, S., Krochmal-Marczak, B., Lipska, K., and Boruszewski, P. (2022). Structural Properties of Bacterial Cellulose Film Obtained on a Substrate Containing Sweet Potato Waste. Crystals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst12091191"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-020-02471-4","article-title":"Kombucha Tea By-Product as Source of Novel Materials: Formulation and Characterization of Films","volume":"13","author":"Peltzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cubas, A.L.V., Provin, A.P., Dutra, A.R.A., Mouro, C., and Gouveia, I.C. (2023). Advances in the Production of Biomaterials through Kombucha Using Food Waste: Concepts, Challenges, and Potential. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15071701"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryszewska, M.A., Tabandeh, E., J\u0119drasik, J., Czarnecka, M., Dzier\u017canowska, J., and Ludwicka, K. (2023). SCOBY Cellulose Modified with Apple Powder\u2014Biomaterial with Functional Characteristics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021005"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.11.028","article-title":"Bacterial Cellulose Production from Cotton-Based Waste Textiles: Enzymatic Saccharification Enhanced by Ionic Liquid Pretreatment","volume":"104","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.02.131","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Bacterial Cellulose via Acetic Acid Pre-Hydrolysis Liquor of Agricultural Corn Stalk Used as Carbon Source","volume":"234","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.26997","article-title":"Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Nanocellulose-producing Bacterium","volume":"116","author":"Vasconcellos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2008.10.013","article-title":"Production and Characterization of Nanospheres of Bacterial Cellulose from Acetobacter Xylinum from Processed Rice Bark","volume":"29","author":"Goelzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.10.029","article-title":"Biotransformation of Wheat Straw to Bacterial Cellulose and Its Mechanism","volume":"135","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60315-9","article-title":"Bacterial Nanocellulose from Agro-Industrial Wastes: Low-Cost and Enhanced Production by Komagataeibacter Saccharivorans MD1","volume":"10","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"503","article-title":"Effect of Different Conditions on the Average Degree of Polymerization of Bacterial Cellulose Produced by Gluconacetobacter Inter-Medius BC-41","volume":"47","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cellul. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Bikales, N.M., and Segal, L. (1971). Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives. Parts IV\u2013V, Wiley Interscience."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00128400","article-title":"Mechanism of the Film Thickness Increasing during the Bacterial Production of Cellulose on Non-Agitaded Liquid Media","volume":"17","author":"Borzani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7295","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00816","article-title":"Thermal Stability of Cellulose Nanomaterials","volume":"123","author":"Michal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03172-z","article-title":"Increment in Evolution of Cellulose Crystallinity Analysis","volume":"27","author":"French","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-012-0541-3","article-title":"Bacterial Cellulose from Simple and Low Cost Production Media by Gluconacetobacter xylinus","volume":"21","author":"Vazquez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.18412\/1816-0395-2021-3-66-71","article-title":"Miscanthus\u2014A Promising Energy Crop for Industrial Processing","volume":"25","author":"Kapustyanchik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Ind. Russ."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keshk, S.M. (2014). Bacterial Cellulose Production and Its Industrial Applications. J. Bioprocess. Biotech., 4.","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9821.1000150"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashcheyeva, E.I., Gismatulina, Y.A., and Budaeva, V.V. (2019). Pretreatments of Non-Woody Cellulosic Feedstocks for Bacterial Cellulose Synthesis. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11101645"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0580345","article-title":"Synthesis of Cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum. 2. Preparation of Freeze-Dried Cells Capable of Polymerizing Glucose to Cellulose","volume":"58","author":"Hestrin","year":"1954","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(1978). Standard Test Method for \u03b1-Cellulose (Standard No. ASTM D1103-60)."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"145","article-title":"Cellulose and Cellulose Derivative","volume":"92","author":"Kurschner","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"(1985). Om-85 Standard: Ash in Wood, Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard, Specifications of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (Standard No. TAPPI T 211)."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"(1988). Om-83 Standard: Acid-Insoluble Lignin in Wood and Pulp, Specifications of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (Standard No. TAPPI T 222)."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9787","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03485-z","article-title":"Structural Features of Brown Algae Cellulose","volume":"27","author":"Bogolitsyn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60147a030","article-title":"Use of Dinitrosalicylic Acid Reagent for Determination of Reducing Sugar","volume":"31","author":"Miller","year":"1959","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Obolenskaya, A.V., Yelnitskaya, Z.P., and Leonovich, A.A. (1991). Laboratornye Raboty po Khimii Drevesiny i Tsellyulozy (Laboratory Works on Wood and Cellulose Chemistry): Textbook for Higher Educational Institutions, Ecology Publisher."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/18\/14401\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:55:09Z","timestamp":1760129709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/18\/14401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241814401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241814401","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]}}}