{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:08:09Z","timestamp":1790777289144,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research, PRIN 2017 project","award":["2017TK7Z8L_006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017TK7Z8L_006"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2014NextGenerationEU\u2014National Recovery and Resilience Plan, Mission 4 Component 2\u2014Investment 1.5\u2014THE\u2014Tuscany Health Ecosystem\u2014ECS00000017\u2014CUP B83C22003920001","award":["2017TK7Z8L_006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017TK7Z8L_006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is considered one of the most dangerous air pollutants for adverse health effects, including reproductive toxicity. It is found both in male and female reproductive fluids likely affecting spermatozoa after the selection process through cervical mucus, a process mimicked in vitro with the swim-up procedure. In vitro effects of BaP (1, 5, 10 \u00b5M) were evaluated both in unselected and swim-up selected spermatozoa after 3 and 24 h of incubation. BaP reduced total, progressive and hyperactivated motility and migration in a viscous medium both in swim-up selected and unselected spermatozoa. Viability was not significantly affected in swim-up selected but was reduced in unselected spermatozoa. In swim-up selected spermatozoa, increases in the percentage of spontaneous acrosome reaction and DNA fragmentation were observed after 24 h of incubation, whereas no differences between the control and BaP-treated samples were observed in caspase-3 and -7 activity, indicating no effects on apoptotic pathways. ROS species, evaluated by staining with CellROX\u00ae Orange and Dihydroethidium, did not differ in viable spermatozoa after BaP treatment. Conversely, the percentage of unviable ROS-positive spermatozoa increased. Our study suggests that BaP present in male and female genital fluids may heavily affect reproductive functions of human spermatozoa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T03:44:42Z","timestamp":1695354282000},"page":"14411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effects of Benzo[a]pyrene on Human Sperm Functions: An In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Traini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Tamburrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrology, Women\u2019s Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Emanuela","family":"Ragosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3056-7492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Guarnieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8027-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annamaria","family":"Morelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0907-0630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Vignozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Andrology, Women\u2019s Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1808-3097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Baldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Andrology, Women\u2019s Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1057-8626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Marchiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences \u201cMario Serio\u201d, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Andrology, Women\u2019s Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Center for Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021). 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