{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:30:52Z","timestamp":1777581052699,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CeD) is a T-cell-mediated immune disease, in which gluten-derived peptides activate lamina propria effector CD4+ T cells. While this effector T cell subset produces proinflammatory cytokines, which cause substantial tissue injury in vivo, additional subsets of T cells exist with regulatory functions (Treg). These subsets include CD4+ type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) and CD4+ CD25+ T cells expressing the master transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) that may have important implications in disease pathogenesis. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the effects of immunomodulating cytokines on CeD inflammatory status. Moreover, we outline the main Treg cell populations found in CeD and how their regulatory activity could be influenced by the intestinal microenvironment. Finally, we discuss the Treg therapeutic potential for the development of alternative strategies to the gluten-free diet (GFD).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T05:32:45Z","timestamp":1695360765000},"page":"14434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Role of Regulatory T Cells and Their Potential Therapeutic Applications in Celiac Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7546-7527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Camarca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council\u2014CNR, 83100 Avellino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Rotondi Aufiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council\u2014CNR, 83100 Avellino, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical Translational Sciences and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7294-8277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mazzarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council\u2014CNR, 83100 Avellino, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical Translational Sciences and European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-032634","article-title":"The Immunobiology and Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease","volume":"18","author":"Iversen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. 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