{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T10:01:28Z","timestamp":1784368888961,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). In total, 74 patients with MPA were enrolled, and we compared the baseline clinical characteristics and disease activity between MPA patients who have progressed to ESRD and those without ESRD to select predictive factors for ESRD. Out of 74 patients, 12 patients (16.2%) had ESRD during follow-up. Serum C4 levels were significantly higher in MPA patients who have progressed to ESRD than in those without ESRD (p = 0.009). Multivariate analyses revealed that high serum creatinine levels (odds ratio (OR) 4.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25\u201315.5) and high serum C4 levels (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.03\u20131.49) were risk factors for ESRD. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, the cut-off value for initial serum C4 levels and serum creatinine levels were 29.6 mg\/dL and 3.54 mg\/dL, respectively. Patients with MPA with a greater number of risk factors (serum C4 levels &gt; 29.6 mg\/dL and serum creatinine levels &gt; 3.54 mg\/dL) had a higher ESRD progression rate. Serum C4 levels were significantly positively correlated with serum creatinine levels and kidney Birmingham vasculitis activity score (p = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively). These results suggest that serum C4 levels are useful tools for assessing renal disease activity and prognosis in MPA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T05:32:45Z","timestamp":1695360765000},"page":"14436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Serum Complement C4 Levels Are a Useful Biomarker for Predicting End-Stage Renal Disease in Microscopic Polyangiitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Shogo","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Rheumatology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsumasa","family":"Oe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Rheumatology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Kotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Rheumatology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayana","family":"Okazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Rheumatology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Kiboshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Rheumatology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayasu","family":"Suzuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Rheumatology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumiko","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Rheumatology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9785-4533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Shiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Rheumatology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichiro","family":"Hata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Rheumatology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Shoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Rheumatology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tohru","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Rheumatology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37715","article-title":"2012 Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides","volume":"65","author":"Jennette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.05.009","article-title":"Pathogenesis of ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: New Possibilities for Intervention","volume":"62","author":"Kallenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81311-7","article-title":"Evaluation of Poor Prognostic Factors of Respiratory Related Death in Microscopic Polyangiitis Complicated by Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"11","author":"Matsuda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac402","article-title":"Examination of Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy Findings in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis","volume":"62","author":"Matsuda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199904)42:3<421::AID-ANR5>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Microscopic Polyangiitis: Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Eighty-Five Patients","volume":"42","author":"Guillevin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(03)00025-8","article-title":"Outcome of ANCA-Associated Renal Vasculitis: A 5-Year Retrospective Study","volume":"41","author":"Booth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.137778","article-title":"Long-Term Patient Survival in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis","volume":"70","author":"Flossmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu237","article-title":"Long-Term Outcome of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasm Antibody-Associated Glomerulonephritis: Evaluation of the International Histological Classification and Other Prognostic Factors","volume":"30","author":"Tanna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.218","article-title":"The Clinical Course of ANCA Small-Vessel Vasculitis on Chronic Dialysis","volume":"76","author":"Lionaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"248","article-title":"End-Stage Renal Disease in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis","volume":"32","author":"Moiseev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010050477","article-title":"Histopathologic Classification of ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis","volume":"21","author":"Berden","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00120115","article-title":"Association of Serum C3 Concentration and Histologic Signs of Thrombotic Microangiopathy with Outcomes among Patients with ANCA-Associated Renal Vasculitis","volume":"10","author":"Manenti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625672","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.625672","article-title":"Glomerular Immune Deposition in MPO-ANCA Associated Glomerulonephritis Is Associated With Poor Renal Survival","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05972-5","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis aiming for an equation prediction end-stage renal disease","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01020113","article-title":"Renal Survival in Proteinase 3 and Myeloperoxidase ANCA-Associated Systemic Vasculitis","volume":"8","author":"Sanders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0815-y","article-title":"Different Responses to Treatment across Classified Diseases and Severities in Japanese Patients with Microscopic Polyangiitis and Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: A Nationwide Prospective Inception Cohort Study","volume":"17","author":"Sada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.07.020","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Renal Risk Score in ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis","volume":"94","author":"Brix","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-009-0201-7","article-title":"A Nationwide Survey of Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis in Japan: Etiology, Prognosis and Treatment Diversity","volume":"13","author":"Koyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2016.1140274","article-title":"Comparison of Severity Classification in Japanese Patients with Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis in a Nationwide, Prospective, Inception Cohort Study","volume":"26","author":"Sada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102424","article-title":"Complement Alternative Pathway in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: Two Decades from Bench to Bedside","volume":"19","author":"Brilland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.060573","article-title":"Alternative Complement Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Disease Mediated by Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies","volume":"170","author":"Xiao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn586","article-title":"Complement Deposition in Renal Histopathology of Patients with ANCA-Associated Pauci-Immune Glomerulonephritis","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002103","article-title":"Inhibition of Complement Factor C5 Protects against Anti-Myeloperoxidase Antibody-Mediated Glomerulonephritis in Mice","volume":"71","author":"Huugen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016111179","article-title":"Randomized Trial of C5a Receptor Inhibitor Avacopan in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis","volume":"28","author":"Jayne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130602","article-title":"Comparison of Phenotype and Outcome in Microscopic Polyangiitis between Europe and Japan","volume":"41","author":"Furuta","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13080","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92629-7","article-title":"A Cohort Study to Investigate Sex-Specific Differences in ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis Outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.131038","article-title":"A Population-Based Study Showing Better Renal Prognosis for Proteinase 3 Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Nephritis versus Myeloperoxidase ANCA-Associated Nephritis","volume":"41","author":"Mohammad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"i104","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Childhood-Onset ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: A French Nationwide Study","volume":"30","author":"Sacri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-016-3384-9","article-title":"Circulating C3 Levels Predict Renal and Global Outcome in Patients with Renal Vasculitis","volume":"35","author":"Villacorta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13422","article-title":"Antineutrophilic Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis with and without Renal Involvement: C3 Contributes to Prognosis, but Renal Involvement Does Not","volume":"22","author":"Fukui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-008-9268-2","article-title":"Complement Activation Is Involved in Renal Damage in Human Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibody Associated Pauci-Immune Vasculitis","volume":"29","author":"Xing","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694928","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.694928","article-title":"Complement C4, Infections, and Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Augusto, J.F., Langs, V., Demiselle, J., Lavigne, C., Brilland, B., Duveau, A., Poli, C., Chevailler, A., Croue, A., and Tollis, F. (2016). Low Serum Complement C3 Levels at Diagnosis of Renal ANCA-Associated Vasculitis Is Associated with Poor Prognosis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158871"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deshayes, S., Aouba, A., Khoy, K., Mariotte, D., Lobbedez, T., and Silva, N.M. (2018). Hypocomplementemia Is Associated with Worse Renal Survival in ANCA-Positive Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis and Microscopic Polyangiitis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195680"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"56","article-title":"Predictors of Renal Survival in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Validation of a Histopatological Classification Schema and Review of the Literature","volume":"33","author":"Moroni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02790313","article-title":"Alternative Complement Pathway Activation Products in Urine and Kidneys of Patients with ANCA-Associated GN","volume":"8","author":"Gou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2022.2068445","article-title":"Circulating Immune-Complexes and Complement Activation through the Classical Pathway in Myeloperoxidase-ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis","volume":"44","author":"Kojima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896654","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.896654","article-title":"The Association Between Serum Complement 4 and Kidney Disease Progression in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, M., Zhang, J., Li, Z., Jin, L., Zheng, Y., Zhou, Z., Zhen, S., and Lu, G. (2017). Increased C4 and Decreased C3 Levels Are Associated with a Poor Prognosis in Patients with Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy: A Retrospective Study. BMC Nephrol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0658-7"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02073","article-title":"Association of Glomerular Complement C4c Deposition with the Progression of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-017-0445-3","article-title":"Serum C3 Complement Levels in ANCA Associated Vasculitis at Diagnosis Is a Predictor of Patient and Renal Outcome","volume":"31","author":"Crnogorac","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201202500133","article-title":"Clinical and Histological Outcome Predictors in Renal Limited Pauci-Immune Crescentic Glomerulonephritis: A Single Centre Experience","volume":"25","author":"Gigante","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I139","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw299","article-title":"Complement Activation in Pauci-Immune Necrotizing and Crescentic Glomerulonephritis: Results of a Proteomic Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Sethi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090276","article-title":"Therapeutic Targeting of Classical and Lectin Pathways of Complement Protects from Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Renal Damage","volume":"176","author":"Castellano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5489","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.10.5489","article-title":"Macrophage-Derived Complement Component C4 Can Restore Humoral Immunity in C4-Deficient Mice","volume":"169","author":"Gadjeva","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V82214","article-title":"Evidence for Increased Synthesis of Complement C4 in the Renal Epithelium of Rats with Passive Heymann Nephritis","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, J., Shen, Q., Chen, X.M., and Du, X.G. (2019). Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Microscopic Polyangiitis Patients with Renal Involvement: A Study of 124 Chinese Patients. BMC Nephrol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1535-3"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06200616","article-title":"Risk Factors for Renal Survival in Chinese Patients with Myeloperoxidase-ANCA-Associated GN","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi, T.D., Zheng, J.N., Zhang, J.X., Yang, L.S., Liu, N., Liu, L.L., and Yao, L. (2019). Serum Complement C4 Is an Important Prognostic Factor for IgA Nephropathy: A Retrospective Study. BMC Nephrol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-019-1420-0"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0244-x","article-title":"Serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin as a Marker of Renal Function in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"22","author":"Mitsnefes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101937","article-title":"Circulating Argonaute-Bound MicroRNA-126 Reports Vascular Dysfunction and Treatment Response in Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"24","author":"Scullion","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.120879","article-title":"Urinary Biomarkers in Relapsing Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis","volume":"40","author":"Lieberthal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh487","article-title":"Urinary Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) Is a Marker of Active Renal Vasculitis","volume":"19","author":"Tam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, P.G., Pyo, J.Y., Ahn, S.S., Song, J.J., Park, Y.B., and Lee, S.W. (2022). Serum Glycated Albumin as a Predictive Biomarker for Renal Involvement of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis in Non-Diabetic Patients. BMC Nephrol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-022-02913-5"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.101279","article-title":"Modification and Validation of the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (Version 3)","volume":"68","author":"Mukhtyar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.054593","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Consensus Methodology for the Classification of the ANCA-Associated Vasculitides and Polyarteritis Nodosa for Epidemiological Studies","volume":"66","author":"Watts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.062711","article-title":"EULAR Recommendations for Conducting Clinical Studies and\/or Clinical Trials in Systemic Vasculitis: Focus on Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasm Antibody-Associated Vasculitis","volume":"66","author":"Hellmich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e318205a4c6","article-title":"Le The Five-Factor Score Revis ited: Assessment of Prognoses of Systemic Necrotizing Vasculitides Based on the French Vasculitis Study Group (FVSG) Cohort","volume":"90","author":"Guillevin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Medicine"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/19\/14436\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:55:47Z","timestamp":1760129747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/19\/14436"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms241914436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241914436","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]}}}