{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:54:56Z","timestamp":1793199296855,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of Almazov National Medical Research Centre (ANMRC)","award":["122041500057-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122041500057-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The European Commission of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has identified glial mechanisms of seizures and epileptogenesis as top research priorities. The aim of our study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the expression levels of cytoskeletal proteins (glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin), protective protein S100, and proapoptotic caspase-3 protein in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) associated with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD). We aimed to investigate how the expression levels of these proteins depend on age (both in children and adults), gender, and disease duration, using immunohistochemistry. Nonparametric statistical methods were employed for data analysis. In the epileptic focus area of the cortex and white matter in patients with FCD-associated temporal lobe DRE, a higher level of expression of these proteins was observed. Age and gender differences were found for vimentin and S100. In the early stages of disease development, there was a compensatory sequential increase in the expression of cytoskeletal and protective proteins. In patients with DRE, depending on the disease duration, patterns of development of neurodegeneration were noted, which is accompanied by apoptosis of gliocytes. These results provide insights into epilepsy mechanisms and may contribute to improving diagnostic and treatment approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T10:36:26Z","timestamp":1695551786000},"page":"14490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Expression of Cytoskeletal Proteins (GFAP, Vimentin), Proapoptotic Protein (Caspase-3) and Protective Protein (S100) in the Epileptic Focus in Adults and Children with Drug-Resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Associated with Focal Cortical Dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9721-3827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darya","family":"Sitovskaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Polenov Neurosurgical Institute\u2014Branch of Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Pathology with a Course of Forensic Medicine Named after D.D. Lochov, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Zabrodskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polenov Neurosurgical Institute\u2014Branch of Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Mechnikov North-West State Medical University, 191015 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1805-2680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Parshakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory of Intangible-Driven Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 614070 Perm, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatyana","family":"Sokolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polenov Neurosurgical Institute\u2014Branch of Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1878-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Kudlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, 115552 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9023-6986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Starshinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polenov Neurosurgical Institute\u2014Branch of Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Samochernykh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polenov Neurosurgical Institute\u2014Branch of Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09546-z","article-title":"Trajectories of brain remodeling in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"266","author":"Roggenhofer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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