{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:37:32Z","timestamp":1794008252451,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2018R1D1A1B07048706"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1D1A1B07048706"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","award":["2021R1F1A1048536"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1F1A1048536"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is one of the most serious extra-articular complications of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which increases the mortality of RA. Because the pathogenesis of RA-ILD remains poorly understood, appropriate therapeutic strategies and biomarkers have not yet been identified. Thus, the goal of this review was to summarize and analyze the reported data on the etiology and pathogenesis of RA-ILD. The incidence of RA-ILD increases with age, and is also generally higher in men than in women and in patients with specific genetic variations and ethnicity. Lifestyle factors associated with an increased risk of RA-ILD include smoking and exposure to pollutants. The presence of an anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, high RA disease activity, and rheumatoid factor positivity also increase the risk of RA-ILD. We also explored the roles of biological processes (e.g., fibroblast\u2013myofibroblast transition, epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition, and immunological processes), signaling pathways (e.g., JAK\/STAT and PI3K\/Akt), and the histopathology of RA involved in RA-ILD pathogenesis based on published preclinical and clinical models of RA-ILD in animal and human studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T03:56:49Z","timestamp":1695614209000},"page":"14509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Etiology and Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Interstitial Lung Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yerin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-In","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoung-Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East-West Bone & Joint Disease Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassone, G., Manfredi, A., Vacchi, C., Luppi, F., Coppi, F., Salvarani, C., and Sebastiani, M. 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