{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T22:38:59Z","timestamp":1787611139473,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lupus nephritis (LN) represents the most severe organ manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in terms of morbidity and mortality. To reduce these risks, tremendous efforts have been made in the last decade to characterize the different steps of the disease and to develop biomarkers in order to better (i) unravel the pre-SLE stage (e.g., anti-nuclear antibodies and interferon signature); (ii) more timely initiation of therapy by improving early and accurate LN diagnosis (e.g., pathologic classification was revised); (iii) monitor disease activity and therapeutic response (e.g., recommendation to re-biopsy, new urinary biomarkers); (iv) prevent disease flares (e.g., serologic and urinary biomarkers); (v) mitigate the deterioration in the renal function; and (vi) reduce side effects with new therapeutic guidelines and novel therapies. However, progress is poor in terms of improvement with early death attributed to active SLE or infections, while later deaths are related to the chronicity of the disease and the use of toxic therapies. Consequently, an individualized treat-to-target strategy is mandatory, and for that, there is an unmet need to develop a set of accurate biomarkers to be used as the standard of care and adapted to each stage of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T03:53:00Z","timestamp":1695700380000},"page":"14526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Lupus Nephritis Risk Factors and Biomarkers: An Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5098-5002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves","family":"Renaudineau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Referral Medical Biology Laboratory, University Hospital of Toulouse, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 Et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM) U1291, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) U5051, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5604-3769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Belliere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, Referral Centre for Rare Kidney Diseases, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM U1297, 31400 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0141-9","article-title":"Lupus Nephritis","volume":"6","author":"Anders","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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