{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T21:51:38Z","timestamp":1775166698308,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Program","award":["2021JDRC0125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JDRC0125"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Program","award":["2022NZZJ0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NZZJ0014"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Program","award":["2022-YF05-00636-SN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-YF05-00636-SN"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019014","name":"Chengdu Science and Technology Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021JDRC0125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JDRC0125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019014","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019014","name":"Chengdu Science and Technology Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022NZZJ0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NZZJ0014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019014","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019014","name":"Chengdu Science and Technology Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-YF05-00636-SN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-YF05-00636-SN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019014","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elizabethkingia miricola is an emerging opportunistic pathogen that is highly pathogenic in both immunocompromised humans and animals. Once the disease occurs, treatment can be very difficult. Therefore, a deep understanding of the pathological mechanism of Elizabethkingia miricola is the key to the prevention and control of the disease. In this study, we isolated the pathogenic bacteria from bullfrogs with dark skin color, weak limbs, wryneck, and cataracts. Via subsequent morphological observations and a 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the pathogen was identified as Elizabethkingia miricola. The histopathological and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that the brain was the main target organ. Therefore, brain samples from diseased and healthy bullfrogs were used for the RNA-Seq analysis. The comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that the diseased bullfrog brain was characterized by the immune activation and inflammatory response, which were mediated by the \u201cNOD-like receptor signaling pathway\u201d and the \u201cToll-like receptor signaling pathway\u201d. We also performed qRT-PCR to examine the expression profile of inflammation-related genes, which further verified the reliability of our transcriptome data. Based on the above results, it was concluded that the NOD\/Toll-like receptor-related networks that dominate the immune activation and inflammatory response were activated in the brain of Elizabethkingia miricola-infected bullfrogs. This study contributes to the search for therapeutic targets for bullfrog meningitis and provides basic information for establishing effective measures to prevent and control bullfrog meningitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T03:45:23Z","timestamp":1695699923000},"page":"14554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Immune Activation and Inflammatory Response Mediated by the NOD\/Toll-like Receptor Signaling Pathway\u2014The Potential Mechanism of Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana) Meningitis Caused by Elizabethkingia miricola"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Fulong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baipeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7833-6303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Defang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1078\/072320203770865828","article-title":"Chryseobacterium miricola sp. nov., A Novel Species Isolated from Condensation Water of Space Station Mir","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Syst. 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