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Monitoring metabolic changes in biofluids and excreta is a noninvasive approach to identify the biomarkers of microbial recolonization and to understand the metabolic influences of FMT on the host. In this study, the pre-FMT and post FMT urine samples from 11 rCDI patients were compared through metabolomic analyses for FMT-induced metabolic changes. The results showed that p-cresol sulfate in urine, a microbial metabolite of tyrosine, was rapidly elevated by FMT and much more responsive than other microbial metabolites of aromatic amino acids (AAAs). Because patients were treated with vancomycin prior to FMT, the influence of vancomycin on the microbial metabolism of AAAs was examined in a mouse feeding trial, in which the decreases in p-cresol sulfate, phenylacetylglycine, and indoxyl sulfate in urine were accompanied with significant increases in their AAA precursors in feces. The inhibitory effects of antibiotics and the recovering effects of FMT on the microbial metabolism of AAAs were further validated in a mouse model of FMT. Overall, urinary p-cresol sulfate may function as a sensitive and convenient therapeutic indicator on the effectiveness of antibiotics and FMT for the desired manipulation of gut microbiota in human patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T07:38:46Z","timestamp":1695800326000},"page":"14621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["p-Cresol Sulfate Is a Sensitive Urinary Marker of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Antibiotics Treatments in Human Patients and Mouse Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3751-7663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheting","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8779-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael J.","family":"Sadowsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabita","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Khoruts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9703-604X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2013.03.1329","article-title":"An overview of fecal microbiota transplantation: Techniques, indications, and outcomes","volume":"78","author":"Brandt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastrointest. 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