{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:35:27Z","timestamp":1760150127343,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico (DGAPA)","award":["Project PAPIIT IN225020","Official Letter DGAP\/1956\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project PAPIIT IN225020","Official Letter DGAP\/1956\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of hyper-virulent and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients with hospital- and community-acquired infections is a serious health problem that increases mortality. The molecular analysis of virulome expression related to antimicrobial-resistant genotype and infection type in K. pneumoniae strains isolated from patients with hospital- and community-acquired infections has been poorly studied. In this study, we analyzed the overall expression of the virulence genotype associated with the antimicrobial resistance genotype and pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) type (PFtype) in K. pneumoniae. We studied 25 strains of K. pneumoniae isolated from patients who developed bacteremia and pneumonia during their hospital stay and 125 strains from outpatients who acquired community-acquired infections. Susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials was determined by Kirby\u2013Bauer. The identification of K. pneumoniae and antibiotic-resistance genes was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To promote the expression of the virulence genes of K. pneumoniae, an in vitro infection model was used in human epithelial cell lines A549 and A431. Bacterial RNA was extracted with the QIAcube robotic workstation, and reverse transcription to cDNA was performed with the Reverse Transcription QuantiTect kit (Qiagen). The determination of the expression of the virulence genes was performed by real-time PCR. In addition, 57.3% (n = 86) of the strains isolated from patients with hospital- and community-acquired infections were multidrug-resistant (MDR), mainly to beta-lactam antibiotics (CB, AM, CFX, and CF), aminoglycosides (GE), quinolones (CPF and NOF), nitrofurantoin (NF), and sulfamethoxazole\/trimethoprim (SXT). The most frequently expressed genes among strains isolated from hospital- and community-acquired infections were adhesion-type, ycfm (80%), mrkD (51.3%), and fimH (30.7%); iron uptake, irp2 (84%), fyuA (68.7%), entB (64.7%), and irp1 (56.7%); and protectins, rpmA (26%), which were related to antibiotic-resistance genes, blaTEM (96%), blaSHV (64%), blaCITM (52.6%), blaCTXM-1 (44.7%), tetA (74%), sul1 (57.3%), aac(3)-IV (40.7%), and aadA1 (36%). The results showed the existence of different patterns of expression of virulome related to the genotype of resistance to antimicrobials and to the PFtypes in the strains of K. pneumoniae that cause hospital- and community-acquired infections. These findings are important and may contribute to improving medical treatment strategies against infections caused by K. pneumoniae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T16:57:06Z","timestamp":1696179426000},"page":"14754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Extensive Expression of the Virulome Related to Antibiotic Genotyping in Nosocomial Strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Gloria Luz","family":"Paniagua-Contreras","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Areli","family":"Bautista-Cer\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Morales-Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4577-4440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2200-9706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Vaca-Paniagua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagn\u00f3stico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerolog\u00eda, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara Estela","family":"D\u00edaz-Vel\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagn\u00f3stico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aldo Hugo","family":"de la Cruz-Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Diagn\u00f3stico Molecular y Efecto Ambiental en Enfermedades Cr\u00f3nico-Degenerativas, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3325-1458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Rey","family":"Garc\u00eda-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Naucalpan de Ju\u00e1rez 53370, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Patricia","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Monroy-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00094-0","article-title":"Emergence of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in hospitalised young children","volume":"4","author":"Patil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davoudabadi, S., Goudarzi, M., and Hashemi, A. 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