{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T19:46:43Z","timestamp":1788637603727,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this paper was to review the available evidence on the efficacy and safety of combined or sequential use of PD-1\/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and CAR-T cell therapies in relapsed\/refractory (R\/R) haematological malignancies. A systematic literature review was performed until 21 November 2022. Inclusion criteria: cohort studies\/clinical trials aimed at evaluating the efficacy and\/or safety of the combination of CAR-T cell therapy with PD-1\/PD-L1 inhibitors in R\/R haematological malignancies, which had reported results. Those focusing only on ICI or CAR-T separately or evaluating the combination in other non-hematological solid tumours were excluded. We used a specific checklist for quality assessment of the studies, and then we extracted data on efficacy or efficiency and safety. A total of 1867 articles were identified, and 9 articles were finally included (early phase studies, with small samples of patients and acceptable quality). The main pathologies were B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) and B-cell non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma (B-NHL). The most studied combination was tisagenlecleucel with pembrolizumab. In terms of efficacy, there is great variability: the combination could be a promising option in B-ALL, with modest data, and in B-NHL, although hopeful responses were received, the combination does not appear better than CAR-T cell monotherapy. The safety profile could be considered comparable to that described for CAR-T cell monotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T16:57:06Z","timestamp":1696179426000},"page":"14780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Combined or Sequential Treatment with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Car-T Cell Therapies for the Management of Haematological Malignancies: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7703-7045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Antonia","family":"P\u00e9rez-Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Ciudad-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didiana","family":"Jaramillo-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Reguera-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology, University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)\/CSIC, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laila","family":"Abdel-kader Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Flores-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministerio de Sanidad Consumo y Binestar Social (2018). 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