{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:34:02Z","timestamp":1784543642929,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since the emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, many lives have been tragically lost to severe infections. The COVID-19 impact extends beyond the respiratory system, affecting various organs and functions. In severe cases, it can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure, often fueled by an excessive immune response known as a cytokine storm. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have considerable potential because they can mitigate inflammation, modulate immune responses, and promote tissue regeneration. Accumulating evidence underscores the efficacy and safety of MSCs in treating severe COVID-19 and ARDS. Nonetheless, critical aspects, such as optimal routes of MSC administration, appropriate dosage, treatment intervals, management of extrapulmonary complications, and potential pediatric applications, warrant further exploration. These research avenues hold promise for enriching our understanding and refining the application of MSCs in confronting the multifaceted challenges posed by COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T16:58:09Z","timestamp":1696179489000},"page":"14800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1391-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bei-Cyuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9145-0522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang-Hsi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Tungs\u2019 Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 35664, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Ya","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 43503, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1433-6002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Jun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostastics, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50006, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tai-An","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 50544, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7161-7110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mao-Jen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taichung 42743, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han-Ping","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.09.018","article-title":"The emergence of COVID-19 as a global pandemic: Understanding the epidemiology, immune response and potential therapeutic targets of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"179","author":"Muralidar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez, V.J., Navarro-Jim\u00e9nez, E., Moreno-Luna, L., Saavedra-Serrano, M.C., Jimenez, M., Sim\u00f3n, J.A., and Tornero-Aguilera, J.F. 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