{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T23:57:39Z","timestamp":1781308659102,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["2017M8R7N9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017M8R7N9"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the only known human oncogenic retrovirus. HTLV-1 can cause a type of cancer called adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATL). The virus is transmitted through the body fluids of infected individuals, primarily breast milk, blood, and semen. At least 5\u201310 million people in the world are infected with HTLV-1. In addition to ATL, HTLV-1 infection can also cause HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM\/TSP). ATL is characterized by a low viral expression and poor prognosis. The oncogenic mechanism triggered by HTLV-1 is extremely complex and the molecular pathways are not fully understood. However, viral regulatory proteins Tax and HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) have been shown to play key roles in the transformation of HTLV-1-infected T cells. Moreover, several studies have shown that the final fate of HTLV-1-infected transformed Tcell clones is the result of a complex interplay of HTLV-1 oncogenic protein expression with cellular transcription factors that subvert the cell cycle and disrupt regulated cell death, thereby exerting their transforming effects. This review provides updated information on the mechanisms underlying the transforming action of HTLV-1 and highlights potential therapeutic targets to combat ATL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T16:58:09Z","timestamp":1696179489000},"page":"14807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Oncogenesis between Active Expression and Latency: A Possible Source for the Development of Therapeutic Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7898-583X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Marino-Merlo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1028-3203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandro","family":"Grelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0338-6450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Mastino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7597-123X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Oncology, Department of Medical and Oncological Area, Azienda Ospedaliera\u2014Universitaria Pisana, 56125 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5178-9510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Nicolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0908-6253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Pistello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retrovirus Center and Virology Section, Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0878-1799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Macchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gessain, A., and Cassar, O. 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