{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T05:05:46Z","timestamp":1791608746700,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Florence"},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR)"},{"name":"Alfasigma S.p.A"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The management of abdominal pain in patients affected by inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) still represents a problem because of the lack of effective treatments. Acetyl L-carnitine (ALCAR) has proved useful in the treatment of different types of chronic pain with excellent tolerability. The present work aimed at evaluating the anti-hyperalgesic efficacy of ALCAR in a model of persistent visceral pain associated with colitis induced by 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) injection. Two different protocols were applied. In the preventive protocol, ALCAR was administered daily starting 14 days to 24 h before the delivery of DNBS. In the interventive protocol, ALCAR was daily administered starting the same day of DNBS injection, and the treatment was continued for 14 days. In both cases, ALCAR significantly reduced the establishment of visceral hyperalgesia in DNBS-treated animals, though the interventive protocol showed a greater efficacy than the preventive one. The interventive protocol partially reduced colon damage in rats, counteracting enteric glia and spinal astrocyte activation resulting from colitis, as analyzed by immunofluorescence. On the other hand, the preventive protocol effectively protected enteric neurons from the inflammatory insult. These findings suggest the putative usefulness of ALCAR as a food supplement for patients suffering from IBDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T11:56:49Z","timestamp":1696247809000},"page":"14841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Anti-Hyperalgesic Efficacy of Acetyl L-Carnitine (ALCAR) Against Visceral Pain Induced by Colitis: Involvement of Glia in the Enteric and Central Nervous System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3459-2660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Lucarini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8834-5801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Micheli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8435-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Toti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Ciampi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4172-2478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Margiotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8374-4432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Di Cesare Mannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Ghelardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002304","article-title":"Chronic pain in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"162","author":"Bakshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313425","article-title":"Dietary and pharmacological treatment of abdominal pain in IBS","volume":"66","author":"Camilleri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucarini, E., Parisio, C., Branca, J.J.V., Segnani, C., Ippolito, C., Pellegrini, C., Antonioli, L., Fornai, M., Micheli, L., and Pacini, A. 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