{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:05:47Z","timestamp":1788476747730,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":219,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Novartis Farma"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mechanisms underlying the development of bone damage in the context of spondyloarthritis (SpA) are not completely understood. To date, a considerable amount of evidence indicates that several developmental pathways are crucially involved in osteoimmunology. The present review explores the biological mechanisms underlying the relationship between inflammatory dysregulation, structural progression, and osteoporosis in this diverse family of conditions. We summarize the current knowledge of bone biology and balance and the foundations of bone regulation, including bone morphogenetic protein, the Wnt pathway, and Hedgehog signaling, as well as the role of cytokines in the development of bone damage in SpA. Other areas surveyed include the pathobiology of bone damage and systemic bone loss (osteoporosis) in SpA and the effects of pharmacological treatment on focal bone damage. Lastly, we present data relative to a survey of bone metabolic assessment in SpA from Italian bone specialist rheumatology centers. The results confirm that most of the attention to bone health is given to postmenopausal subjects and that the aspect of metabolic bone health may still be underrepresented. In our opinion, it may be the time for a call to action to increase the interest in and focus on the diagnosis and management of SpA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T09:14:22Z","timestamp":1696497262000},"page":"14924","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Osteoimmunology of Spondyloarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Angelo","family":"Fassio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina, Universit\u00e0 di Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"Atzeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Reumatologia Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico \u201cG. Martino\u201d di Messina, 35128 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9692-2293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Rossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina, Universit\u00e0 di Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"D\u2019Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Reumatologia Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico \u201cG. 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