{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:11:11Z","timestamp":1791544271840,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Project of the Liaoning Provincial Department of Education","award":["ZD2020001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2020001"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of the Liaoning Provincial Department of Education","award":["81972689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81972689"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["ZD2020001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD2020001"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81972689"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81972689"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adenosine, an immunosuppressive metabolite, is produced by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released from dying or stressed cells and is found at high levels in the tumor microenvironment of most solid tumors. It mediates pro-tumor activities by inducing tumor cell proliferation, migration or invasion, tumor tissue angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. In addition, adenosine plays an important role in regulating anti-tumor immune responses and facilitating tumor immune escape. Adenosine receptors are broadly expressed by tumor-infiltrated immune cells, including suppressive tumor-associated macrophages and CD4+ regulatory T cells, as well as effector CD4+ T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Therefore, adenosine is indispensable in down-regulating anti-tumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment and contributes to tumor progression. This review describes the current progress on the role of adenosine\/adenosine receptor pathway in regulating the tumor-infiltrating immune cells that contribute to tumor immune evasion and aims to provide insights into adenosine-targeted tumor immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T09:14:22Z","timestamp":1696497262000},"page":"14928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["The Immune Regulatory Role of Adenosine in the Tumor Microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jianlei","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 100001, China"},{"name":"College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8957-8893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 100001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0541","article-title":"Targeting CD39 in Cancer Reveals an Extracellular ATP- and Inflammasome-Driven Tumor Immunity","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2012.269","article-title":"Entpd1\/Cd39 Is a Promising Therapeutic Target in Oncology","volume":"32","author":"Bastid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2018.02.001","article-title":"The Pharmacology of Cd38\/Nadase: An Emerging Target in Cancer and Diseases of Aging","volume":"39","author":"Chini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. 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