{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T07:54:44Z","timestamp":1779177284999,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Italian Ministry of Health \u201cProgetto Ricerca Corrente\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remdesivir (RDV) has demonstrated clinical benefit in hospitalized COronaVIrus Disease (COVID)-19 patients. The objective of this brief report was to assess a possible correlation between RDV therapy and the variation in lymphocyte subpopulations. We retrospectively studied 43 hospitalized COVID-19 patients: 30 men and 13 women (mean age 69.3 \u00b1 15 years); 9\/43 had received RDV therapy. Six patients had no need for oxygen (severity group 0); 22 were on oxygen treatment with a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) \u2264 50% (group 1); 7 on not-invasive ventilation (group 2); 3 on invasive mechanical ventilation (group 3); and 5 had died (group 4). Cytofluorimetric assessment of lymphocyte subpopulations showed substantial changes after RDV therapy: B lymphocytes and plasmablasts were significantly increased (p = 0.002 and p = 0.08, respectively). Cytotoxic T lymphocytes showed a robust reduction (p = 0.008). No changes were observed in CD4+-T cells and natural killers (NKs). There was a significant reduction in regulatory T cells (Tregs) (p = 0.02) and a significant increase in circulating monocytes (p = 0.03). Stratifying by disease severity, after RDV therapy, patients with severity 0\u20132 had significantly higher B lymphocyte and monocyte counts and lower memory and effector cytotoxic T cell counts. Instead, patients with severity 3\u20134 had significantly higher plasmablast and lower memory T cell counts. No significant differences for CD4+-T cells, Tregs, and NKs were observed. Our brief report showed substantial changes in the lymphocyte subpopulations analyzed between patients who did not receive RDV therapy and those after RDV treatment. Despite the small sample size, due to the retrospective nature of this brief report, the substantial changes in lymphocyte subpopulations reported could lead to speculation on the role of RDV treatment both on immune responses against the virus and on the possible downregulation of the cytokine storm observed in patients with more severe disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]],"date-time":"2023-10-07T14:03:03Z","timestamp":1696687383000},"page":"14973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Changes in Lymphocyte Subpopulations after Remdesivir Therapy for COVID-19: A Brief Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5378-8442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossella","family":"Cianci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Massaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"De Santis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS \u201cCasa Sollievo della Sofferenza\u201d, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Totti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS \u201cCasa Sollievo della Sofferenza\u201d, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6230-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Gasbarrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Gambassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2607-2080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Giambra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Stem Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), Fondazione IRCCS \u201cCasa Sollievo della Sofferenza\u201d, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabl8282","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abl8282","article-title":"Inhaled remdesivir reduces viral burden in a nonhuman primate model of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"14","author":"Vermillion","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. 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