{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T07:43:46Z","timestamp":1792482226701,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a growing global health crisis affecting millions and incurring substantial economic costs. However, clinical diagnosis remains challenging, with misdiagnoses and underdiagnoses being prevalent. There is an increased focus on putative, blood-based biomarkers that may be useful for the diagnosis as well as early detection of AD. In the present study, we used an unbiased combination of machine learning and functional network analyses to identify blood gene biomarker candidates in AD. Using supervised machine learning, we also determined whether these candidates were indeed unique to AD or whether they were indicative of other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Our analyses showed that genes involved in spliceosome assembly, RNA binding, transcription, protein synthesis, mitoribosomes, and NADH dehydrogenase were the best-performing genes for identifying AD patients relative to cognitively healthy controls. This transcriptomic signature, however, was not unique to AD, and subsequent machine learning showed that this signature could also predict PD and ALS relative to controls without neurodegenerative disease. Combined, our results suggest that mRNA from whole blood can indeed be used to screen for patients with neurodegeneration but may be less effective in diagnosing the specific neurodegenerative disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241915011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T07:37:50Z","timestamp":1696837070000},"page":"15011","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Blood-Based Transcriptomic Biomarkers Are Predictive of Neurodegeneration Rather Than Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Artur","family":"Shvetcov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, Sydney Children\u2019s Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia"},{"name":"Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroinflammation Research Group, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Spathos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroinflammation Research Group, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0047-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann-Na","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dementia Research Centre, Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4563-4544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather M.","family":"Wilkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kansas Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Centre, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shea J.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7944-2108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabien","family":"Delerue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5896-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy A.","family":"Couttas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, Translational Research Collective, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmeen Kaur","family":"Issar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Kids Research, Children\u2019s Medical Research Institute, Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, 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Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Drummond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2211-0257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol","family":"Dobson-Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9586-4730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shantel L.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allied Health, Research and Strategic Partnerships, Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasha M.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Renal and Transplant Medicine Unit, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5836-1413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Catchpoole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Tumor Bank, Kids Research, Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Cancer Research Institute, Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1808-0646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy A.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Molecular Neurobiology Research Laboratory, Kids Research, Children\u2019s Medical Research Institute, Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"},{"name":"Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research, Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell H.","family":"Swerdlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kansas Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Centre, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical 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