{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:30:00Z","timestamp":1787761800587,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the KBRI Basic Research Program, funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT","award":["23-BR-02-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-BR-02-03"]}]},{"name":"the KBRI Basic Research Program, funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT","award":["23-BR-04-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23-BR-04-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid \u03b2 (A\u03b2) plaques in the brain, leading to cognitive impairment and other clinical symptoms. The 5XFAD mouse model is commonly used in AD research because it expresses five human transgenes that result in the accumulation of A\u03b2 plaques and cognitive decline at a relatively early age. Behavioral experiments are frequently conducted using this model; however, the effect size has not yet been reported. In this study, we examined basic cognition and locomotion in 5XFAD mice with a C57BL6\/J background (5XFAD-J) at 6 months of age, a period in which impairments of cognitive function and locomotion are commonly observed. We analyzed the effect sizes of cognitive and locomotive experiments in the 5XFAD mice compared with those in the wild-type mice. Our results suggest that for long-term memory analysis, the novel object recognition test (p = 0.013, effect size 1.24) required a sample size of at least 12 to obtain meaningful results. Moreover, analysis of general locomotion over total distance with the Laboratory Animal Behavior Observation, Registration and Analysis System (LABORAS) test during the dark phase (p = 0.007, effect size \u22121.37) needed a sample size of 10 for a statistical power (1-\u03b2) of 0.8. In conclusion, we can conduct more ethical and scientifically rigorous animal experiments using 5XFAD mice based on the effect and sample sizes suggested in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]],"date-time":"2023-10-11T02:20:52Z","timestamp":1696990852000},"page":"15064","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effect Sizes of Cognitive and Locomotive Behavior Tests in the 5XFAD-J Mouse Model of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2816-239X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moonseok","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, 61, Cheomdan ro, Dong gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Sup","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Center, Division of Research Strategy, Korea Brain Research Institute, 61, Cheomdan ro, Dong gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6096-2231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taekwon","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Brain Bank, Division of Research Strategy, Korea Brain Research Institute, 61, Cheomdan ro, Dong gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongsoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, 61, Cheomdan ro, Dong gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Jin","family":"Youn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, 61, Cheomdan ro, Dong gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyu-Bin","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, 61, Cheomdan ro, Dong gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9302-8664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Pyo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Animal Center, Division of Research Strategy, Korea Brain Research Institute, 61, Cheomdan ro, Dong gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7703-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Ha","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, 61, Cheomdan ro, Dong gu, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.09.001","article-title":"Alzheimer Disease: An Update on Pathobiology and Treatment Strategies","volume":"179","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13439","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Lane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072994","article-title":"The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Progress and problems on the road to therapeutics","volume":"297","author":"Hardy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201797397","article-title":"APP mouse models for Alzheimer\u2019s disease preclinical studies","volume":"36","author":"Sasaguri","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10129","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1202-06.2006","article-title":"Intraneuronal beta-amyloid aggregates, neurodegeneration, and neuron loss in transgenic mice with five familial Alzheimer\u2019s disease mutations: Potential factors in amyloid plaque formation","volume":"26","author":"Oakley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713726","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.713726","article-title":"Comprehensive Evaluation of the 5XFAD Mouse Model for Preclinical Testing Applications: A MODEL-AD Study","volume":"13","author":"Oblak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.205","article-title":"Object recognition in rats and mice: A one-trial non-matching-to-sample learning task to study \u2018recognition memory\u2019","volume":"1","author":"Bevins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0270(03)00227-9","article-title":"LABORAS: Initial pharmacological validation of a system allowing continuous monitoring of laboratory rodent behaviour","volume":"130","author":"Quinn","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"239","article-title":"Sample size determination (vol 43, pg 207, 2002)","volume":"44","author":"Dell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ilar J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-01054-y","article-title":"Systematic phenotyping and characterization of the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Forner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(02)00198-5","article-title":"Behavioral impairment of APP(V717F) mice in fear conditioning: Is it only cognition?","volume":"136","author":"Gerlai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.05.022","article-title":"Spatial memory: Theoretical basis and comparative review on experimental methods in rodents","volume":"203","author":"Paul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00088","article-title":"Using mice to model Alzheimer\u2019s dementia: An overview of the clinical disease and the preclinical behavioral changes in 10 mouse models","volume":"5","author":"Webster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.119726","article-title":"How to calculate sample size in animal studies?","volume":"4","author":"Charan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2010.03.037","article-title":"Effect size of reference memory deficits in the Morris water maze in Tg2576 mice","volume":"212","author":"Reed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.06.057","article-title":"Effect size of memory deficits in mice with adult-onset P301L tau expression","volume":"272","author":"Hunsberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faisal, M., Aid, J., Nodirov, B., Lee, B., and Hickey, M.A. (2023). Preclinical trials in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Sample size and effect size for behavioural and neuropathological outcomes in 5xFAD mice. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281003"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, M., Kim, D., Youn, Y.J., Ryu, J., and Jeong, Y.H. (2022). Effect of Obesity and High-Density Lipoprotein Concentration on the Pathological Characteristics of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012296"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: A practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenthal, R., Rosnow, R.L., and Rubin, D.B. (2000). Contrasts and Effect Sizes in Behavioral Research: A Correlational Approach, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511804403"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/20\/15064\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:04:42Z","timestamp":1760130282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/20\/15064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242015064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242015064","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,11]]}}}