{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:21:10Z","timestamp":1789608070426,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018712","name":"\u201cIULIU HA\u021aIEGANU\u201d UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY, CLUJ-NAPOCA, ROMANIA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["881\/21\/12.01.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["881\/21\/12.01.2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018712","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucocorticoids are effective anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents. Long-term exposure is associated with multiple metabolic side effects. Spore-forming probiotic bacteria have shown modulatory properties regarding glycolipid metabolism and inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, the effects of Bacillus species spores (B. licheniformis, B. indicus, B. subtilis, B. clausii, and B. coagulans) alone and in combination with metformin against dexamethasone-induced systemic disturbances. A total of 30 rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: group 1 served as control (CONTROL), group 2 received dexamethasone (DEXA), group 3 received DEXA and MegaSporeBiotic (MSB), group 4 received DEXA and metformin (MET), and group 5 received DEXA, MSB, and MET. On the last day of the experiment, blood samples and liver tissue samples for histopathological examination were collected. We determined serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), catalase, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and metformin concentration. DEXA administration caused hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, increased inflammation cytokines, and decreased antioxidant markers. Treatment with MSB reduced total cholesterol, suggesting that the administration of Bacillus spores-based probiotics to DEXA-treated rats could ameliorate metabolic parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T03:07:47Z","timestamp":1697080067000},"page":"15111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Effects of Probiotic Bacillus Spores on Dexamethasone-Treated Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8863-2851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea Ioana","family":"Inceu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3904-2852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Adriana","family":"Neag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6327-6608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Catinean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3279-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina Ioana","family":"Bocsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian Ioan","family":"Craciun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen Stanca","family":"Melincovici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3914-0110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana Maria","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u0103d\u0103lin Mihai","family":"Onofrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1899-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raluca Maria","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3511-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca Dana","family":"Buzoianu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-021-00500-z","article-title":"Potential Adverse Effects of Dexamethasone Therapy on COVID-19 Patients: Review and Recommendations","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00683-6","article-title":"Fresh insights into glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus and new therapeutic directions","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beaupere, C., Liboz, A., F\u00e8ve, B., Blondeau, B., and Guillemain, G. (2021). Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020623"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2015.11.017","article-title":"GSK-3\u03b2 mediates dexamethasone-induced pancreatic \u03b2 cell apoptosis","volume":"144","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.11.049","article-title":"Chronic glucocorticoid treatment induced circadian clock disorder leads to lipid metabolism and gut microbiota alterations in rats","volume":"192","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2728","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1499","article-title":"Risk of diabetes associated with prescribed glucocorticoids in a large population","volume":"29","author":"Gulliford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2014.66","article-title":"Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic","volume":"11","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1764488","article-title":"Probiotics supplementation improves hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus: An update of meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1547268","article-title":"Using probiotics for type 2 diabetes mellitus intervention: Advances, questions, and potential","volume":"60","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2011.0039","article-title":"Spore-forming bacteria and their utilisation as probiotics","volume":"3","author":"Bader","year":"2012","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110676","article-title":"Treatment with a spore-based probiotic containing five strains of Bacillus induced changes in the metabolic activity and community composition of the gut microbiota in a SHIME\u00ae model of the human gastrointestinal system","volume":"149","author":"Marzorati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4291\/wjgp.v8.i3.117","article-title":"Oral spore-based probiotic supplementation was associated with reduced incidence of post-prandial dietary endotoxin, triglycerides, and disease risk biomarkers","volume":"8","author":"McFarlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4342-z","article-title":"The mechanisms of action of metformin","volume":"60","author":"Rena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30021-8","article-title":"Metformin to reduce metabolic complications and inflammation in patients on systemic glucocorticoid therapy: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept, phase 2 trial","volume":"8","author":"Pernicova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2015.07.020","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"154","author":"Woods","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"3260","article-title":"Improving insulin resistance with Antrodia cinnamomea mycelium powder to induce a hypoglycemic effect in dexamethasone-induced insulin-resistant rats","volume":"17","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoud, M.F., Ali, N., Mostafa, I., Hasan, R.A., and Sobeh, M. (2022). Coriander Oil Reverses Dexamethasone-Induced Insulin Resistance in Rats. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030441"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2019.09.011","article-title":"Protocatechuic acid exhibits hepatoprotective, vasculoprotective, antioxidant and insulin-like effects in dexamethasone-induced insulin-resistant rats","volume":"167","author":"Suddek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00759","article-title":"Tissue Lipidomic Alterations Induced by Prolonged Dexamethasone Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Buzatto","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.11648\/j.bmb.20210602.12","article-title":"An in vivo Evaluation of Antihyperlipidaemic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Amaranthus spinosus Leaves on Dexamethasone Induced Hyperlipidaemic Rats","volume":"6","author":"Dzinyela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Croci, S., D\u2019apolito, L.I., Gasperi, V., Catani, M.V., and Savini, I. (2021). Dietary strategies for management of metabolic syndrome: Role of gut microbiota metabolites. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051389"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2912","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2912","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of probiotics effects on plasma glucose, lipid, and insulin levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"33","author":"Memarrast","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-021-09792-6","article-title":"Bacillus licheniformis Zhengchangsheng\u00ae Inhibits Obesity by Regulating the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9480-1","article-title":"Effect of Probiotics Bacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus plantarum on Lipid Profile and Feces Bacteria of Rats Fed Cholesterol-Enriched Diet","volume":"11","author":"Aminlari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tovchiga, O.V. (2016). The influence of goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria L.) tincture and metformin on the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in dexamethasone-treated rats. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1221-y"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01328.x","article-title":"The effect of metformin on blood pressure, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review","volume":"256","author":"Wulffele","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20171505","article-title":"Defining the role of glucocorticoids in inflammation","volume":"132","author":"Ronchetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7678183","article-title":"Adipose Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1: Direct Role in Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance","volume":"259","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5249.665","article-title":"IRS-1-Mediated Inhibition of Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Activity in TNF-\u03b1- and Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance","volume":"271","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)42251-X","article-title":"Transcriptional repression of the C\/EBP-\u03b1 and GLUT4 genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1. Regulations is coordinate and independent of protein synthesis","volume":"267","author":"Stephens","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T1","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-12-0498","article-title":"Adipokine inflammation and insulin resistance: The role of glucose, lipids and endotoxin","volume":"216","author":"Piya","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-871248","article-title":"Crocetin Prevents Dexamethasone-Induced Insulin Resistance in Rats","volume":"71","author":"Xi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araujo, J.E.d.S., Miguel-Dos-Santos, R., Macedo, F.N., Cunha, P.S., Fontes, M.T., Murata, G.M., Lauton-Santos, S., Santana-Filho, V.J., Silva, A.M.d.O., and Antoniolli, A.R. (2020). Effects of high doses of glucocorticoids on insulin-mediated vasodilation in the mesenteric artery of rats. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230514"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081778","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1081778","article-title":"Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Hao9 exerts antidiabetic effects by regulating gut microbiome, glucagon metabolism, and insulin levels in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Catinean, A., Neag, M.A., Krishnan, K., Muntean, D.M., Bocsan, C.I., Pop, R.M., Mitre, A.O., Melincovici, C.S., and Buzoianu, A.D. (2020). Probiotic bacillus spores together with amino acids and immunoglobulins exert protective effects on a rat model of ulcerative colitis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123607"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neag, M.A., Catinean, A., Muntean, D.M., Pop, M.R., Bocsan, C.I., Botan, E.C., and Buzoianu, A.D. (2020). Probiotic bacillus spores protect against acetaminophen induced acute liver injury in rats. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030632"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abad-Jimenez, Z., Lopez-Domenech, S., Diaz-Rua, R., Iannantuoni, F., Gomez-Abril, S.A., Perianez-Gomez, D., Morillas, C., Victor, V.M., and Rocha, M. (2020). Systemic oxidative stress and visceral adipose tissue mediators of NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy are reduced in obese type 2 diabetic patients treated with metformin. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090892"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.9.5771","article-title":"IL-10: The Master Regulator of Immunity to Infection","volume":"180","author":"Couper","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(97)01063-X","article-title":"Effects of dexamethasone on the profile of cytokine secretion in human whole blood cell cultures","volume":"73","author":"Franchimont","year":"1998","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"2834","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor Decreases, and Interleukin-10 Increases, the Sensitivity of Human Monocytes to Dexamethasone: Potential Regulation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor","volume":"84","author":"Franchimont","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2004.01824.x","article-title":"Glucocorticoids up-regulate constitutive interleukin-10 production by human monocytes","volume":"34","author":"Mozo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-021-09744-0","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum MCC2759 and MCC2760 Alleviate Inflammation and Intestinal Function in High-Fat Diet-Fed and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"13","author":"Archer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172699","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of treatment with metformin and\/or 4-hydroxychalcone in male Wistar rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"863","author":"Maldonado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43228-0","article-title":"Metformin attenuates the onset of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and affects intestinal microbiota and barrier in small intestine","volume":"9","author":"Brandt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, R.K., Lee, J.N., Maharjan, Y., Park, C., Choe, S.-K., Ho, Y.-S., and Park, R. (2021). Catalase deficiency facilitates the shuttling of free fatty acid to brown adipose tissue through lipolysis mediated by ROS during sustained fasting. Cell Biosci., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-021-00710-5"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"871","article-title":"Vitamin C modulates oxidative stress-induced colitis in rats","volume":"40","author":"Zerin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.01.008","article-title":"Effect of Tectona grandis Linn. on dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in mice","volume":"122","author":"Ghaisas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"457","article-title":"Dose-dependent and time-dependent metabolic, hemodynamic, and redox disturbances in dexamethasone-treated Wistar rats","volume":"33","author":"Peyembouo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2010.483248","article-title":"Preventive effect of Sphaeranthus indicus during progression of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance in mice","volume":"48","author":"Ghaisas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2014.03.013","article-title":"Involvement of catalase in the protective benefits of metformin in mice with oxidative liver injury","volume":"216","author":"Dai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Interact."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2010.02554.x","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis on the growth, performance, immune response and antioxidant activities of the shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)","volume":"41","author":"Shen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2009.06.011","article-title":"Protective effect of a Potentilla anserine polysaccharide on oxidative damages in mice","volume":"45","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04634","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species have a causal role in multiple forms of insulin resistance","volume":"440","author":"Houstis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.03.019","article-title":"Oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and related complications: Current therapeutics strategies and future perspectives","volume":"184","author":"Bhatti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.200700208","article-title":"Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of an exopolysaccharide from a probiotic bacterium","volume":"3","author":"Kodali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, L.P., Zou, T., Ma, Y.J., Wang, J.W., and Zhang, Y.Q. (2016). Antioxidant and DNA damage protecting activity of exopolysaccharides from the endophytic bacterium Bacillus cereus SZ1. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21020174"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2019.0040","article-title":"Safety and probiotic evaluation of two Bacillus strains producing antioxidant compounds","volume":"10","author":"Kotowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113456","article-title":"Black pepper oil (Piper nigrum L.) mitigates dexamethasone induced pancreatic damage via modulation of oxidative and nitrosative stress","volume":"153","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apostolova, N., Iannantuoni, F., Gruevska, A., Muntane, J., Rocha, M., and Victor, V.M. (2020). Mechanisms of action of metformin in type 2 diabetes: Effects on mitochondria and leukocyte-endothelium interactions. Redox. Biol., 34.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101517"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41681","article-title":"LXR\u03b2 is required for glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia and hepatosteatosis in mice","volume":"121","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2021.02.008","article-title":"Comparison of hepatic gene expression profiles between three mouse models of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"9","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, B., Kwon, J., Kim, M.-S., Park, H., Ji, Y., Holzapfel, W., and Hyun, C.-K. (2018). Protective effects of Bacillus probiotics against high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders in mice. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210120"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.41583.x","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of metformin versus vitamin E or prescriptive diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"100","author":"Bugianesi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"7","article-title":"Modulation of liver injury by interleukin-10","volume":"66","author":"Louis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280620","article-title":"Interleukin-10 Expression and Function in Experimental Murine Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis","volume":"28","author":"Thompson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.4103\/0256-4947.83215","article-title":"Relationship between circulating interleukin-10 and histological features in patients with chronic C hepatitis","volume":"31","author":"Bruno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Saudi Med."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"22","article-title":"Efficacy of Spore Forming Bacilli Supplementation in Patients with Mild to Moderate Elevation of Triglycerides: A 12 week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial","volume":"19","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2003.11.015","article-title":"A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation","volume":"37","author":"Erel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","article-title":"Catalase in vitro","volume":"105","author":"Aebi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/20\/15111\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:05:25Z","timestamp":1760130325000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/20\/15111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242015111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242015111","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]}}}