{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T19:04:45Z","timestamp":1786388685157,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MIUR \u201cProgetto Eccellenza\u201d"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori is a leading cause of chronic gastric inflammation, generally associated with gastritis and adenocarcinoma. Activation of the NF-\u03baB pathway mainly contributes to the inflammatory phenotype observed in H. pylori infection in humans and experimental models. Since the gastric epithelium undergoes rapid turnover, inflammation and pathogenicity of H. pylori result from early phase and chronically activated pathways. In the present study we investigated the early host response to H. pylori in non-tumoral human gastric epithelial cells (GES-1). To dissect the pathogen-specific mechanisms we also examined the response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a prototypical cytokine. By analyzing the activation state of NF-\u03baB signaling, cytokine expression and secretion, and the transcriptome, we found that the inflammatory response of GES-1 cells to H. pylori and TNF results from activation of multiple pathways and transcription factors, e.g., NF-\u03baB and CCAAT\/enhancer-binding proteins (CEBPs). By comparing the transcriptomic profiles, we found that H. pylori infection induces a less potent inflammatory response than TNF but affects gene transcription to a greater extent by specifically inducing transcription factors such as CEBP\u03b2 and numerous zinc finger proteins. Our study provides insights on the cellular pathways modulated by H. pylori in non-tumoral human gastric cells unveiling new potential targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T06:07:26Z","timestamp":1697177246000},"page":"15147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Investigating the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Early Response to Inflammation and Helicobacter pylori Infection in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0742-0521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Fumagalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2470-6038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Piazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Maranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7470-6386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Genova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9573-5672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Sperandeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2811-8628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Sangiovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0903-8024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Polissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5378-402X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Dell\u2019Agli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2406-1468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"De Fabiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences \u201cRodolfo Paoletti\u201d, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00431-8","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"9","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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