{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:07:44Z","timestamp":1791587264803,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI18\/01311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI19\/01886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/01886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201cInvestigo Program\u201d predoctoral contract from Xunta de Galicia","award":["PI18\/01311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI18\/01311"]}]},{"name":"\u201cInvestigo Program\u201d predoctoral contract from Xunta de Galicia","award":["PI19\/01886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/01886"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) has been recently proven to alleviate depressive-like behaviors in both rats and mice models. However, its potential role as a peripheral biomarker has not been evaluated in depression. To do this, we measured plasma IGF-2 and other members of the IGF family such as Binding Proteins (IGFBP-1, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-5 and IGFBP-7) in a depressed group of patients (n = 51) and in a healthy control group (n = 48). In some of these patients (n = 15), we measured these proteins after a period (19 \u00b1 6 days) of treatment with antidepressants. The Hamilton Depressive Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Self-Assessment Anhedonia Scale (SAAS) were used to measure depression severity and anhedonia, respectively. The general cognition state was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test and memory with the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test (FCSRT). The levels of both IGF-2 and IGFBP-7 were found to be significantly increased in the depressed group; however, only IGF-2 remained significantly elevated after correction by age and sex. On the other hand, the levels of IGF-2, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 were significantly decreased after treatment, whereas only IGFBP-7 was significantly increased. Therefore, peripheral changes in the IGF family and their response to antidepressants might represent alterations at the brain level in depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T08:08:33Z","timestamp":1697530113000},"page":"15254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Protein Plasma Levels of the IGF Signalling System Are Altered in Major Depressive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), \u00c1rea Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital \u00c1lvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Neuro Epigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Rare Disease and Pediatric Medicine Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5437-2297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Ar\u00e1nzazu","family":"Penedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), \u00c1rea Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital \u00c1lvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Rivera-Baltan\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), \u00c1rea Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital \u00c1lvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"P\u00e9rez-M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rare Disease and Pediatric Medicine Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Alves-Villar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rare Disease and Pediatric Medicine Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0842-898X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), \u00c1rea Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital \u00c1lvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), 36213 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4349-4947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Salgado-Barreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica-CIBERESP, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8170-0724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"Prieto-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro Epigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Translational Research in Neurological Diseases Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, SERGAS-USC, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Neurology Service, Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1098-3376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saida","family":"Ortolano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rare Disease and Pediatric Medicine Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36312 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), \u00c1rea Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital \u00c1lvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9899-9569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto Carlos","family":"Ag\u00eds-Balboa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro Epigenetics Lab, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Translational Research in Neurological Diseases Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago University Hospital Complex, SERGAS-USC, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Neurology Service, Santiago University Hospital Complex, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X1304150831123535","article-title":"Editorial: A Systematic Review of Depression","volume":"13","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. 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