{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:06:29Z","timestamp":1787508389902,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FORDECYT-PRONACES","award":["845110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["845110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) harms patients\u2019 health and social and economic well-being. Unfortunately, fully effective therapeutic strategies have yet to be developed to treat this disease, affecting millions worldwide. Apoptosis and autophagy are critical cell death signaling pathways after SCI that should be targeted for early therapeutic interventions to mitigate their adverse effects and promote functional recovery. Tibolone (TIB) is a selective tissue estrogen activity regulator (STEAR) with neuroprotective properties demonstrated in some experimental models. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TIB on apoptotic cell death and autophagy after SCI and verify whether TIB promotes motor function recovery. A moderate contusion SCI was produced at thoracic level 9 (T9) in male Sprague Dawley rats. Subsequently, animals received a daily dose of TIB orally and were sacrificed at 1, 3, 14 or 30 days post-injury. Tissue samples were collected for morphometric and immunofluorescence analysis to identify tissue damage and the percentage of neurons at the injury site. Autophagic (Beclin-1, LC3-I\/LC3-II, p62) and apoptotic (Caspase 3) markers were also analyzed via Western blot. Finally, motor function was assessed using the BBB scale. TIB administration significantly increased the amount of preserved tissue (p &lt; 0.05), improved the recovery of motor function (p &lt; 0.001) and modulated the expression of autophagy markers in a time-dependent manner while consistently inhibiting apoptosis (p &lt; 0.05). Therefore, TIB could be a therapeutic alternative for the recovery of motor function after SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T09:55:06Z","timestamp":1697622906000},"page":"15285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tibolone Improves Locomotor Function in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury by Modulating Apoptosis and Autophagy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0508-5221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Enfermedades Neurol\u00f3gicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda, Mexico City 03940, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3989-1205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Orozco-Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACyT-Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Enfermedades Neurol\u00f3gicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0715-9263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hermelinda","family":"Salgado-Ceballos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Enfermedades Neurol\u00f3gicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0676-5667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia J.","family":"Segura-Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Subdirecci\u00f3n de Gesti\u00f3n de la Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Infantil de M\u00e9xico Federico G\u00f3mez, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Guerra-Araiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Farmacolog\u00eda, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Le\u00f3n-Cholula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Enfermedades Neurol\u00f3gicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4880-8597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Mor\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiolog\u00eda Celular, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7007-9509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica","family":"Coyoy-Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACyT-Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Enfermedades Neurol\u00f3gicas, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.02.033","article-title":"Traumatic spinal injury: Global epidemiology and worldwide volume","volume":"113","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00282","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury: An overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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