{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T02:49:53Z","timestamp":1788058193410,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Geistlich Pharma AG, 6110 Wolhusen, Switzerland"},{"name":"DFG Open Access Publication Funds of the Ruhr-University Bochum"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enhanced glycolysis (Warburg effect) driven by the BRAF oncogene, dysregulated GAPDH expression, and activation of the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway may significantly contribute to the resistance-targeted therapy of BRAF-mutated melanomas. Therefore, we aimed to study for the first time the anti-tumor activity of the GAPDH inhibitor GP-2250 in BRAF-mutated melanoma cell lines and benign melanocytes. We employed three melanoma cell lines and one primary melanocyte cell line (Ma-Mel-61a, Ma-Mel-86a, SH-4 and ATCC-PCS-200-013, respectively), which were exposed to different GP-2250 doses. GP-2250\u2019s effects on cell proliferation and viability were evaluated by means of the BrdU and MTT assays, respectively. The RealTime-Glo Annexin V Apoptosis and Necrosis Assay was performed for the evaluation of apoptosis and necrosis induction. RT-PCR and western blotting were implemented for the determination of AKT and STAT3 gene and protein expression analyses, respectively. The melanoma cell lines showed a dose-dependent response to GP-2250 during BrDU and MTT testing. The RealTime-Glo Annexin V assay revealed the heterogenous impact of GP-2250 on apoptosis as well as necrosis. With respect to the melanoma cell lines Ma-Mel-86a and SH-4, the responses and dosages were comparable to those used for the MTT viability assay. Using the same dose range of GP-2250 administered to melanoma cells, however, we observed neither the noteworthy apoptosis nor necrosis of GP-2250-treated benign melanocytes. The gene expression profiles in the melanoma cell lines for AKT and STAT3 were heterogenous, whereby AKT as well as STAT3 gene expression were most effectively downregulated using the highest GP-2250 doses. Immunoblotting revealed that there was a time-dependent decrease in protein expression at the highest GP-2250 dose used, whereas a time- as well as dose-dependent AKT decrease was predominantly observed in Ma-Mel-61a. The STAT3 protein expression of Ma-Mel-86a and SH-4 was reduced in a time-dependent pattern at lower and moderate doses. STAT3 expression in Ma-Me-61a was barely altered by GP-2250. In conclusion, GP-2250 has anti-neoplastic effects in BRAF-mutated melanoma cell lines regarding tumor cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis\/necrosis. GP-2250 is able to downregulate the gene and protein expression of aberrant tumorigenic pathways in melanoma cell lines. Since GP-2250 is a GAPDH inhibitor, the substance may be a promising combination therapy for tumors presenting the Warburg effect, such as melanoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T02:54:43Z","timestamp":1697684083000},"page":"15336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["In Vitro Experiments on the Effects of GP-2250 on BRAF-Mutated Melanoma Cell Lines and Benign Melanocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7862-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thilo","family":"Gambichler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Cancer Center Ruhr-University, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6560-1355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friederike","family":"Harnischfeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Cancer Center Ruhr-University, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Skrygan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skin Cancer Center Ruhr-University, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2169-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Britta","family":"Majchrzak-Stiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Division of Molecular and Clinical Research, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Buchholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Division of Molecular and Clinical Research, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geistlich Pharma AG, 6110 Wolhusen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Braumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Evangelisches Klinikum Gelsenkirchen, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen, 45878 Gelsenkirchen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Tumor Surgery, Evangelisches Klinikum Herne, Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus der Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44623 Herne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florent, L., Saby, C., Slimano, F., and Morjani, H. 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