{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:57:02Z","timestamp":1789581422539,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\/15\/B\/NZ6\/02378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/15\/B\/NZ6\/02378"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is commonly associated with depression and cognitive dysfunction, the cause of which could be related to the HCV neuroinvasion and\/or state of chronic inflammation. Viral sequences and proteins were previously detected in the brain and since blood leukocytes can cross the blood\u2013brain barrier, they could provide viral access to the CNS. Eighty chronic hepatitis C patients were tested for viral replication in PBMCs (detection of the HCV RNA-negative strand) and serum cytokines. Depression was assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), neuroticism by the Eysenck Personality Inventory (N\/EPO-R), and anxiety by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) while neurocognitive testing included the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT), California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), and Grooved Pegboard Test (GPT). The HCV RNA-negative strand was detected in PBMCs from 24 (30%) patients and these patients had significantly higher BDI scores (median 12.5 [IQR] 6.3\u201320.5 vs. median 8.00 [IQR] 3\u201312; p = 0.013). Both depression and anxiety correlated positively with IL-8 while cognitive flexibility, executive function, problem-solving skills, memory, and motor functioning correlated negatively with some proinflammatory cytokines. Our findings suggest that due to chronic HCV infection, the brain function is negatively affected by both viral replication in PBMCs and by the immune activation state.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T05:43:28Z","timestamp":1697694208000},"page":"15351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Depression and Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C: Correlation with Viral Replication in the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Cytokines in Serum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Marek","family":"Radkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Kryczka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Development of Nursing and Social and Medical Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-445 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bogna","family":"Szyma\u0144ska-Kotwica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Clinic, Warsaw Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Berak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Outpatient Clinic, Warsaw Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Horban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3997-609X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Paw\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3782-6442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Perlejewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Laskus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 01-201 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1355","article-title":"Musculoskeletal pain and fatigue are associated with chronic hepatitis C: A report of 239 hepatology clinic patients","volume":"94","author":"Barkhuizen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. 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