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Adelson Medical Research Foundation","award":["HD018655"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD018655"]}]},{"name":"Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation","award":["P30EY012196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY012196"]}]},{"name":"Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. 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Here, we highlight research in recent years from our laboratory identifying oncomodulin (Ocm), stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1, and chemokine CCL5 as growth factors expressed by cells of the innate immune system that promote axon regeneration in the injured optic nerve and elsewhere in the central and peripheral nervous systems. We also review the role of ArmC10, a newly discovered Ocm receptor, in mediating many of these effects, and the synergy between inflammation-derived growth factors and complementary strategies to promote regeneration, including deleting genes encoding cell-intrinsic suppressors of axon growth, manipulating transcription factors that suppress or promote the expression of growth-related genes, and manipulating cell-extrinsic suppressors of axon growth. In some cases, combinatorial strategies have led to unprecedented levels of nerve regeneration. The identification of some similar mechanisms in human neurons offers hope that key discoveries made in animal models may eventually lead to treatments to improve outcomes after neurological damage in patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T05:43:28Z","timestamp":1697694208000},"page":"15359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Inflammatory Mediators of Axon Regeneration in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Larry I.","family":"Benowitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0980-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuqin","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramon y Cajal, S. 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