{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:42:52Z","timestamp":1790959372483,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009388","name":"Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ISP22-26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ISP22-26"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009388","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cypermethrin (Cyp) is a pyrethroid that has been associated with the toxicity of various organs. The aim of our study was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of nano-piperine (NP) against Cyp toxicity. Cyp (50 mg\/kg) was administered orally in all animals of groups III\u2013VI for 15 days. Groups IV\u2013VI each received three doses of NP (125, 250, and 500 \u00b5g\/kg\/day) for 10 days after receiving the Cyp dosage, which was given after 1 h. A rise in serum biomarkers (ALT, AST, ALP, total protein, and albumin), which are indicators of toxicity alongside anomalous oxidative stress indices (lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase), was detected. After Cyp treatment, we observed upregulated cytokines, caspase expression, and histological analysis that the showed distortion of cell shape. However, the administration of NP dramatically reversed all of the Cyp-induced alterations, inducing reductions in serum marker levels, stress level, the production of cytokines, and caspase expression. Additionally, all of the histopathological alterations were minimized to values that were comparable to normal levels. The present findings suggested that NP exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that can protect rats\u2019 livers against Cyp-induced liver damage through hepatoprotective activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T07:15:36Z","timestamp":1697699736000},"page":"15361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of Nanopiperine against Cypermethrin via Mitigation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammations and Gene Expression Using qRT-PCR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sohail","family":"Hussain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8844-2385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulmajeed M.","family":"Jali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9626-219X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khairat H. M.","family":"Khairat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Maternity and Children Hospital, Najran 66243, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahimullah","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Intakhab","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9892-2158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raisuddin","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Abuse Research Center (SARC), College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6125-3309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andleeb","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamad","family":"Al Shahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Hanbashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6548-411X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa","family":"Qadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Inflammation Pharmacology and Drug Discovery Unit, Medical Research Center (MRC), Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5793-5005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ashafaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21601","article-title":"Colorectal cancer statistics, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Siegel","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002108","article-title":"Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: Profiles, trends, and determinants","volume":"135","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305764","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2305764","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of agro pesticides use on liver and kidney function in farmers from Buea, Cameroon","volume":"2020","author":"Manfo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2014-102454","article-title":"Pesticides and human health","volume":"72","author":"Blair","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018413522959","article-title":"Pesticides and cancer","volume":"8","author":"Dich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncn268","article-title":"Assessment of environmental exposures from agricultural pesticides in childhood leukemia studies: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"132","author":"Ritz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosim."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002532","article-title":"Determinants of agricultural pesticide concentrations in carpet dust","volume":"119","author":"Gunier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.011091071","article-title":"Agricultural pesticide use in California: Pesticide prioritization, use densities, and population distributions for a childhood cancer study","volume":"109","author":"Gunier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4300","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.4300","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiology, risk factors and pathogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Gomaa","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2014.05.002","article-title":"The evaluation of p,p\u2032-DDT exposure on cell adhesion of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"322","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2023.108090","article-title":"Environmentally relevant exposure to cypermethrin aggravates diet-induced diabetic symptoms in mice: The interaction between environmental chemicals and diet","volume":"178","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2004.5.3.241","article-title":"Repeated dose toxicity of alfa-cypermethrin in rats","volume":"5","author":"Manna","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"53","article-title":"Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nano-Selenium against Cypermethrin-Induced Liver Toxicity","volume":"8","author":"Abdou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Bio."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasuba, V., Tariba Lovakovic, B., Lucic Vrdoljak, A., Katic, A., Kopjar, N., Micek, V., Milic, M., Pizent, A., Zeljezic, D., and Zunec, S. (2022). Evaluation of Toxic Effects Induced by Sub-Acute Exposure to Low Doses of \u03b1-Cypermethrin in Adult Male Rats. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10120717"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02274","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation following sub-lethal oral exposure of cypermethrin in rats: Mitigating potential of epicatechin","volume":"5","author":"Afolabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110479","article-title":"Nano selenium ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammatory response associated with cypermethrin-induced neurotoxicity in rats","volume":"195","author":"Ali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2004.12.009","article-title":"Modulation of blood pressure, lipid profiles and redox status in hypertensive patients taking different edible oils","volume":"355","author":"Sankar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(00)00277-0","article-title":"Cypermethrin-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Brain and Liver Is Prevented by Vitamin E or Allopurinol","volume":"118","author":"Giray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2012.640913","article-title":"Deleterious effects of cypermethrin on rat liver and kidney: Protective role of sesame oil","volume":"47","author":"Abdou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health B"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23624","article-title":"Evaluation of protective effects of quercetin against cypermethrin-induced lung toxicity in rats via oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway","volume":"37","author":"Ileriturk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1425","article-title":"Effects of melatonin, vitamin C and E alone or in combination on lead-induced injury in liver and kidney organs of rats","volume":"46","author":"Aziz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Synthesis and antioxidative activity of piperine derivatives containing phenolic hydroxyl","volume":"2020","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2008.01.101","article-title":"Protective effects of amide constituents from the fruit of Piper chaba on D-galactosamine\/ TNF-\u03b1-induced cell death in mouse hepatocytes","volume":"18","author":"Matsuda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1934578X231154029","article-title":"Cardioprotective Effects of Nano-Piperine Against Cypermethrin Toxicity Through Oxidative Stress, Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Studies in Male Wistar Rats","volume":"18","author":"Hussain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2008.03.003","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of biocompatible oil-loaded polyelectrolyte nanocapsules","volume":"4","author":"Preetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"258","article-title":"Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: Evidence that piperine is a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism","volume":"232","author":"Atal","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.034728","article-title":"Piperine, a major constituent of black pepper, inhibits human P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4","volume":"302","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08051-5","article-title":"Nephroprotective effects of curcumin loaded chitosan nanoparticles in cypermethrin induced renal toxicity in rabbits","volume":"27","author":"Anwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashafaq, M., Hussain, S., Alshahrani, S., Siddiqui, R., Alam, M.I., Elhassan Taha, M.M., Almoshari, Y., Alqahtani, S.S., Jali, A.M., and Aljohani, H.M. (2023). Neuroprotective Effects of Nano-Curcumin against Cypermethrin Associated Oxidative Stress and Up-Regulation of Apoptotic and Inflammatory Gene Expression in Rat Brains. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030644"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.08.034","article-title":"Potential protective effects of quercetin and curcumin on paracetamol-induced histological changes, oxidative stress, impaired liver and kidney functions and haematotoxicity in rat","volume":"48","author":"Yousef","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00145-8","article-title":"Changes in some hematological and biochemical indices of rabbits induced by isoflavones and cypermethrin","volume":"189","author":"Yousef","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(91)90101-B","article-title":"Effect of 2,4-dichlorophenxyacetic acid on polyamine synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells","volume":"56","author":"Rivarola","year":"1991","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2017.08.005","article-title":"Protective effect of \u03b1-lipoic acid against \u03b1-cypermethrin-induced changes in rat cerebellum","volume":"86","author":"Elsawy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.24557","article-title":"Intranasal Piperine-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles as Brain Targeted Therapy in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Optimization, Biological Efficacy and Potential Toxicity","volume":"104","author":"Elnaggar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.033","article-title":"Oxidative stress and depletion of hepatic long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may contribute to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"37","author":"Videla","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-3-17","article-title":"Biochemical study of oxidative stress markers in the liver, kidney, and heart of high-fat diet induced obesity in rats","volume":"3","author":"Noeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.08.075","article-title":"Cassia auriculata flower extract attenuates hyperlipidemia in male Wistar rats by regulating the hepatic cholesterol metabolism","volume":"95","author":"Vijayakumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Pharm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.70902","article-title":"Free radicals, antioxidants, and functional foods: Impact on human health","volume":"4","author":"Lobo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacogn. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.24.6.4228","article-title":"Rapid reactive oxygen species production by mitochondria in endothelial cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor-alpha is mediated by ceramide","volume":"24","author":"Corda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CBTO.0000003730.21261.fa","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide mediates interleukin-1beta induced AP-1 activation in articular chondrocytes: Implications for the regulation of iNOS expression","volume":"19","author":"Mendes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"160","article-title":"Cypermethrin-induced histopathological, ultrastructural and biochemical changes in the liver of albino rats: The protective role of propolis and curcumin","volume":"6","author":"Moustafa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, S., Ashafaq, M., Alshahrani, S., Bokar, I.A., Siddiqui, R., Alam, M.I., Taha, M.M.E., Almoshari, Y., Alqahtani, S.S., and Ahmed, R.A. (2023). Hepatoprotective Effect of Curcumin Nano-Lipid Carrier against Cypermethrin Toxicity by Countering the Oxidative, Inflammatory, and Apoptotic Changes in Wistar Rats. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020881"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(11)60011-4","article-title":"Piperine, an active ingredient of black pepper attenuates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice","volume":"3","author":"Sabina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s43188-020-00046-1","article-title":"Testosterone recuperates deteriorated male fertility in cypermethrin-intoxicated rats","volume":"37","author":"Katragadda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6580.75844","article-title":"Toxicological effects of cypermethrin on female albino rats","volume":"18","author":"Sangha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2020.09.008","article-title":"Cinnamon oil against acetaminophen-induced acute liver toxicity by attenuating inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"7","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, S., Alshahrani, S., Siddiqui, R., Khan, A., Elhassan Taha, M.M., Ahmed, R.A., Jali, A.M., Qadri, M., Khairat, K.H.M., and Ashafaq, M. (2023). Cinnamon Oil Alleviates Acetaminophen-Induced Uterine Toxicity in Rats by Abrogation of Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Inflammation. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12122290"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2021.01.002","article-title":"Renoprotective effects of cinnamon oil against APAP-Induced nephrotoxicity by ameliorating oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation in rats","volume":"29","author":"Alshahrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5941","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0096-8","article-title":"Modulation of Behavioral Deficits and Neurodegeneration by Tannic Acid in Experimental Stroke Challenged Wistar Rats","volume":"54","author":"Ashafaq","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/20\/15361\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:09:47Z","timestamp":1760130587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/20\/15361"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242015361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242015361","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]}}}