{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:27:15Z","timestamp":1777498035366,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL136724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL136724"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24HL146838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24HL146838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1UL1TR003163-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UL1TR003163-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["R01HL136724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL136724"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["K24HL146838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24HL146838"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["UL1TR001105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001105"]}]},{"name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["1UL1TR003163-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UL1TR003163-01A1"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01HL136724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL136724"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["K24HL146838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24HL146838"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["UL1TR001105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001105"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["1UL1TR003163-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UL1TR003163-01A1"]}]},{"name":"Quest Diagnostics R&amp;D","award":["R01HL136724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL136724"]}]},{"name":"Quest Diagnostics R&amp;D","award":["K24HL146838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24HL146838"]}]},{"name":"Quest Diagnostics R&amp;D","award":["UL1TR001105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001105"]}]},{"name":"Quest Diagnostics R&amp;D","award":["1UL1TR003163-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1UL1TR003163-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are promising targets for predicting and treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), as they mediate removal of excess cholesterol from lipid-laden macrophages that accumulate in the vasculature. This functional property of HDLs, termed cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), is inversely associated with ASCVD. HDLs are compositionally diverse, associating with &gt;250 different proteins, but their relative contribution to CEC remains poorly understood. Our goal was to identify and define key HDL-associated proteins that modulate CEC in humans. The proteomic signature of plasma HDL was quantified in 36 individuals in the multi-ethnic population-based Dallas Heart Study (DHS) cohort that exhibited persistent extremely high (&gt;=90th%) or extremely low CEC (&lt;=10th%) over 15 years. Levels of apolipoprotein (Apo)A-I associated ApoC-II, ApoC-III, and ApoA-IV were differentially correlated with CEC in high (r = 0.49, 0.41, and \u22120.21 respectively) and low (r = \u22120.46, \u22120.41, and 0.66 respectively) CEC groups (p for heterogeneity (pHet) = 0.03, 0.04, and 0.003 respectively). Further, we observed that levels of ApoA-I with ApoC-III, complement C3 (CO3), ApoE, and plasminogen (PLMG) were inversely associated with CEC in individuals within the low CEC group (r = \u22120.11 to \u22120.25 for subspecies with these proteins vs. r = 0.58 to 0.65 for subspecies lacking these proteins; p &lt; 0.05 for heterogeneity). These findings suggest that enrichment of specific proteins on HDLs and, thus, different subspecies of HDLs, differentially modulate the removal of cholesterol from the vasculature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T06:28:25Z","timestamp":1698128905000},"page":"15526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Proteomic Determinants of Variation in Cholesterol Efflux: Observations from the Dallas Heart Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Anamika","family":"Gangwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sneha S.","family":"Deodhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Saldanha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olle","family":"Melander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 00 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fahim","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan W.","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quest Diagnostics Cardiometabolic Center of Excellence, Cleveland HeartLab, Cleveland, OH 44103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy S.","family":"Collier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quest Diagnostics Cardiometabolic Center of Excellence, Cleveland HeartLab, Cleveland, OH 44103, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"McPhaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5258-1869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy D.","family":"Furtado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank M.","family":"Sacks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel J.","family":"Merrill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason E.","family":"McDermott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3781-2566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John T.","family":"Melchior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA"},{"name":"Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0164-2382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand","family":"Rohatgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000950","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics\u20142021 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Virani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.312617","article-title":"HDL and Reverse Cholesterol Transport","volume":"124","author":"Ouimet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066589","article-title":"Cholesterol efflux and atheroprotection: Advancing the concept of reverse cholesterol transport","volume":"125","author":"Rosenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"712","article-title":"High-density lipoproteins, reverse cholesterol transport and atherogenesis. Nature reviews","volume":"18","author":"Pownall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b92","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b92","article-title":"Association between change in high density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis","volume":"338","author":"Briel","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2010.08.009","article-title":"The complexity of HDL","volume":"1801","author":"Francis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60312-2","article-title":"Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: A mendelian randomisation study","volume":"380","author":"Voight","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1118","article-title":"CETP-Inhibition and HDL-Cholesterol: A Story of CV Risk or CV Benefit, or Both","volume":"104","author":"Nicholls","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706628","article-title":"Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events","volume":"357","author":"Barter","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1107579","article-title":"Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy","volume":"365","author":"Investigators","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1206797","article-title":"Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome","volume":"367","author":"Schwartz","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1300955","article-title":"Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients","volume":"371","author":"Group","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac605","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein revisited: Biological functions and clinical relevance","volume":"44","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R039297","article-title":"Cardioprotective functions of HDLs","volume":"55","author":"Rye","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001689","article-title":"Cholesterol efflux capacity, high-density lipoprotein function, and atherosclerosis","volume":"364","author":"Khera","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.111","article-title":"Cholesterol efflux capacity is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery disease: A prospective cohort study","volume":"249","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00126-6","article-title":"Association of HDL cholesterol efflux capacity with incident coronary heart disease events: A prospective case-control study","volume":"3","author":"Saleheen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025678","article-title":"Cholesterol Efflux Capacity, High-Density Lipoprotein Particle Number, and Incident Cardiovascular Events: An Analysis From the JUPITER Trial (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin)","volume":"135","author":"Khera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311366","article-title":"Cholesterol Mass Efflux Capacity, Incident Cardiovascular Disease, and Progression of Carotid Plaque","volume":"39","author":"Shea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312645","article-title":"HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Cholesterol Efflux Capacity Is Associated with Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the General Population","volume":"39","author":"Ebtehaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774418","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.774418","article-title":"Cholesterol Efflux Capacity and Its Association with Adverse Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1409065","article-title":"HDL cholesterol efflux capacity and incident cardiovascular events","volume":"371","author":"Rohatgi","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000382","article-title":"Inflammation, remodeling, and other factors affecting HDL cholesterol efflux","volume":"28","author":"Ronsein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M059089","article-title":"Inflammatory remodeling of the HDL proteome impairs cholesterol efflux capacity","volume":"56","author":"Vaisar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)37776-2","article-title":"Advantages and limitations of density gradient ultracentrifugation in the fractionation of human serum lipoproteins: Role of salts and sucrose","volume":"25","author":"Edelstein","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)38097-4","article-title":"Factors affecting the integrity of high density lipoproteins in the ultracentrifuge","volume":"23","author":"Kunitake","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.7b00816","article-title":"Rapid Affinity Enrichment of Human Apolipoprotein A-I Associated Lipoproteins for Proteome Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Collier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.01.073","article-title":"Association of an HDL Apolipoproteomic Score with Coronary Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Death","volume":"73","author":"Natarajan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311607","article-title":"Distinct Proteomic Signatures in 16 HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Subspecies","volume":"38","author":"Furtado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314609","article-title":"Protein-Defined Subspecies of HDLs (High-Density Lipoproteins) and Differential Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in 4 Prospective Studies","volume":"40","author":"Sacks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.315648","article-title":"Molecular Patterns of Extreme and Persistent Cholesterol Efflux Capacity","volume":"41","author":"Deodhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-021-00925-4","article-title":"The Difference Between High Density Lipoprotein Subfractions and Subspecies: An Evolving Model in Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Davidson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.301373","article-title":"Paradoxical association of enhanced cholesterol efflux with increased incident cardiovascular risks","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.167890","article-title":"5A apolipoprotein mimetic peptide promotes cholesterol efflux and reduces atherosclerosis in mice","volume":"334","author":"Amar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5375","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15175","article-title":"A chalcone derivative, 1m-6, exhibits atheroprotective effects by increasing cholesterol efflux and reducing inflammation-induced endothelial dysfunction","volume":"177","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-016-0281-9","article-title":"Metformin promotes cholesterol efflux in macrophages by up-regulating FGF21 expression: A novel anti-atherosclerotic mechanism","volume":"15","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e024754","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.024754","article-title":"Antiatherosclerotic Effects of CSL112 Mediated by Enhanced Cholesterol Efflux Capacity","volume":"11","author":"Kingwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson, W.S., Shah, A.S., Sexmith, H., and Gordon, S.M. (2022). The HDL Proteome Watch: Compilation of studies leads to new insights on HDL function. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, 1867.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2021.159072"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000589","article-title":"From HDL-cholesterol to HDL-function: Cholesterol efflux capacity determinants","volume":"30","author":"Rhainds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Florea, G., Tudorache, I.F., Fuior, E.V., Ionita, R., Dumitrescu, M., Fenyo, I.M., Bivol, V.G., and Gafencu, A.V. (2022). Apolipoprotein A-II, a Player in Multiple Processes and Diseases. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071578"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119358","article-title":"Reduced aortic lesions and elevated high density lipoprotein levels in transgenic mice overexpressing mouse apolipoprotein A-IV","volume":"99","author":"Cohen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.4219","article-title":"Apolipoprotein specificity for lipid efflux by the human ABCAI transporter","volume":"280","author":"Remaley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10719","DOI":"10.1021\/bi048978m","article-title":"Structure of human apolipoprotein A-IV: A distinct domain architecture among exchangeable apolipoproteins with potential functional implications","volume":"43","author":"Pearson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02601-7","article-title":"ApoCIII enrichment in HDL impairs HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity","volume":"7","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The TG and HDL Working Group of the Exome Sequencing Project, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Crosby, J., Peloso, G.M., Auer, P.L., Crosslin, D.R., Stitziel, N.O., Lange, L.A., and Lu, Y. (2014). Loss-of-function mutations in APOC3, triglycerides, and coronary disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 371, 22\u201331.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1307095"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.K., Liao, C.W., Meng, S.W., Wu, W.K., Chiang, J.Y., and Wu, M.S. (2021). Lipids and Lipoproteins in Health and Disease: Focus on Targeting Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9080985"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317178","article-title":"Diabetes Impairs Cellular Cholesterol Efflux From ABCA1 to Small HDL Particles","volume":"127","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"989","article-title":"Apoc2 loss-of-function zebrafish mutant as a genetic model of hyperlipidemia","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009545","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009545","article-title":"Variants at the APOE\/C1\/C2\/C4 Locus Modulate Cholesterol Efflux Capacity Independently of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol","volume":"7","author":"Rhainds","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M113.028134","article-title":"Multi-dimensional co-separation analysis reveals protein-protein interactions defining plasma lipoprotein subspecies","volume":"12","author":"Gordon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteom."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00419","article-title":"Network-Based Analysis on Orthogonal Separation of Human Plasma Uncovers Distinct High Density Lipoprotein Complexes","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2011.10.012","article-title":"Predictive value of different HDL particles for the protection against or risk of coronary heart disease","volume":"1821","author":"Rye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031276","article-title":"High-Density Lipoprotein Subspecies Defined by Presence of Apolipoprotein C-III and Incident Coronary Heart Disease in Four Cohorts","volume":"137","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.16.1886","article-title":"VLDL, apolipoproteins B, CIII, and E, and risk of recurrent coronary events in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial","volume":"102","author":"Sacks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26206","article-title":"Shotgun proteomics implicates protease inhibition and complement activation in the antiinflammatory properties of HDL","volume":"117","author":"Vaisar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.770669","article-title":"Combined statin and niacin therapy remodels the high-density lipoprotein proteome","volume":"118","author":"Green","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159577","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.159577","article-title":"Complex association of apolipoprotein E-containing HDL with coronary artery disease burden in cardiovascular disease","volume":"7","author":"Sorokin","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M063701","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of HDL from inbred mouse strains implicates APOE associated with HDL in reduced cholesterol efflux capacity via the ABCA1 pathway","volume":"57","author":"Pamir","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3704","article-title":"Plasmin and kallikrein reduce HDL-induced cholesterol efflux from foam cells","volume":"277","author":"Lindstedt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92176","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.92176","article-title":"Plasminogen promotes cholesterol efflux by the ABCA1 pathway","volume":"2","author":"Pamir","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.09.032","article-title":"High density lipoprotein proteome is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis burden as evaluated by coronary CT angiography","volume":"278","author":"Gordon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.02.058","article-title":"The Dallas Heart Study: A population-based probability sample for the multidisciplinary study of ethnic differences in cardiovascular health","volume":"93","author":"Victor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/21\/15526\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:10:54Z","timestamp":1760130654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/21\/15526"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242115526"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242115526","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]}}}