{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:55:18Z","timestamp":1790600118124,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/NIDCR","award":["DE025865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE025865"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/NIDCR","award":["R21DE026874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DE026874"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/NIDCR","award":["R90DE027638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R90DE027638"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH)\/NIDCR","award":["FPILOT71"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPILOT71"]}]},{"name":"Forsyth Pilot","award":["DE025865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE025865"]}]},{"name":"Forsyth Pilot","award":["R21DE026874"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DE026874"]}]},{"name":"Forsyth Pilot","award":["R90DE027638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R90DE027638"]}]},{"name":"Forsyth Pilot","award":["FPILOT71"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPILOT71"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Excess albumin in enamel is a characteristic of the prevalent developmental dental defect known as chalky teeth or molar hypomineralization (MH). This study uses proteomic analyses of pig teeth to discern between developmental origin and post-eruptive contamination and to assess the similarity to hypomineralized human enamel. Here, the objective is to address the urgent need for an animal model to uncover the etiology of MH and to improve treatment. Porcine enamel is chalky and soft at eruption; yet, it hardens quickly to form a hard surface and then resembles human teeth with demarcated enamel opacities. Proteomic analyses of enamel from erupted teeth, serum, and saliva from pigs aged 4 (n = 3) and 8 weeks (n = 2) and human (n = 4) molars with demarcated enamel opacities show alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). AFP expression is limited to pre- and perinatal development and its presence in enamel indicates pre- or perinatal inclusion. In contrast, albumin is expressed after birth, indicating postnatal inclusion into enamel. Peptides were extracted from enamel and analyzed by nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS\/MS) after tryptic digestion. The mean total protein number was 337 in the enamel of all teeth with 13 different unique tryptic peptides of porcine AFP in all enamel samples but none in saliva samples. Similarities in the composition, micro-hardness, and microstructure underscore the usefulness of the porcine model to uncover the MH etiology, cellular mechanisms of albumin inclusion, and treatment for demarcated opacities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T09:54:08Z","timestamp":1698227648000},"page":"15577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Proteomic Analyses Discern the Developmental Inclusion of Albumin in Pig Enamel: A New Model for Human Enamel Hypomineralization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Gil-Bona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"},{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4766-769X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hakan","family":"Karaaslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"},{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5789-0636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baptiste","family":"Depalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"},{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalyn","family":"Sulyanto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8105-223X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicitas B.","family":"Bidlack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"},{"name":"Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.09.030","article-title":"Teeth as Potential New Tools to Measure Early-Life Adversity and Subsequent Mental Health Risk: An Interdisciplinary Review and Conceptual Model","volume":"87","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. 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