{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:29:38Z","timestamp":1791563378119,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most studies on ketosis have focused on short-term effects, male athletes, or weight loss. Hereby, we studied the effects of short-term ketosis suppression in healthy women on long-standing ketosis. Ten lean (BMI 20.5 \u00b1 1.4), metabolically healthy, pre-menopausal women (age 32.3 \u00b1 8.9) maintaining nutritional ketosis (NK) for &gt; 1 year (3.9 years \u00b1 2.3) underwent three 21-day phases: nutritional ketosis (NK; P1), suppressed ketosis (SuK; P2), and returned to NK (P3). Adherence to each phase was confirmed with daily capillary D-beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) tests (P1 = 1.9 \u00b1 0.7; P2 = 0.1 \u00b1 0.1; and P3 = 1.9 \u00b1 0.6 pmol\/L). Ageing biomarkers and anthropometrics were evaluated at the end of each phase. Ketosis suppression significantly increased: insulin, 1.78-fold from 33.60 (\u00b1 8.63) to 59.80 (\u00b1 14.69) pmol\/L (p = 0.0002); IGF1, 1.83-fold from 149.30 (\u00b1 32.96) to 273.40 (\u00b1 85.66) \u00b5g\/L (p = 0.0045); glucose, 1.17-fold from 78.6 (\u00b1 9.5) to 92.2 (\u00b1 10.6) mg\/dL (p = 0.0088); respiratory quotient (RQ), 1.09-fold 0.66 (\u00b1 0.05) to 0.72 (\u00b1 0.06; p = 0.0427); and PAI-1, 13.34 (\u00b1 6.85) to 16.69 (\u00b1 6.26) ng\/mL (p = 0.0428). VEGF, EGF, and monocyte chemotactic protein also significantly increased, indicating a pro-inflammatory shift. Sustained ketosis showed no adverse health effects, and may mitigate hyperinsulinemia without impairing metabolic flexibility in metabolically healthy women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T07:22:15Z","timestamp":1698304935000},"page":"15621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Ketosis Suppression and Ageing (KetoSAge): The Effects of Suppressing Ketosis in Long Term Keto-Adapted Non-Athletic Females"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7374-4340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella D.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ageing Biology and Age-Related Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8883-2228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvoni","family":"Kyriakidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ageing Biology and Age-Related Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2481-4909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurtis","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Biomarkers and Mechanisms Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2457-4001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Petagine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ageing Biology and Age-Related Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1491-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas N.","family":"Seyfried","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7778-0194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Duraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9173-7440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Soto-Mota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"},{"name":"Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine, Mexico City 14380, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Scarborough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ageing Biology and Age-Related Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra L.","family":"Jacome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ageing Biology and Age-Related Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3088-9897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Brookler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retired former Research Collaborator, Aerospace Medicine and Vestibular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Borgognoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ageing Biology and Age-Related Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanusa","family":"Novaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ageing Biology and Age-Related Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rima","family":"Al-Faour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ageing Biology and Age-Related Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4295-3785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley 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