{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:13:54Z","timestamp":1790392434476,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms may be fatal upon rupture or dissection and remain a leading cause of death in the developed world. Understanding the pathophysiology of the development of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms may help reduce the morbidity and mortality of this disease. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the protective relationship between ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms and the development of atherosclerosis, including decreased carotid intima\u2013media thickness, low-density lipoprotein levels, coronary and aortic calcification, and incidence of myocardial infarction. We also propose several possible mechanisms driving this relationship, including matrix metalloproteinase proteins and transforming growth factor-\u03b2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T03:33:51Z","timestamp":1698377631000},"page":"15640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evidence Accumulates: Patients with Ascending Aneurysms Are Strongly Protected from Atherosclerotic Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0286-6599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Waldron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1666-199X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bulat A.","family":"Ziganshin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Endovascular Surgery, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabe","family":"Weininger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9981-8336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nimrat","family":"Grewal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Elefteriades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aortic Institute at Yale-New Haven Hospital, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(00)00527-X","article-title":"Atherosclerotic enlargement of the human abdominal aorta","volume":"155","author":"Zarins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.3.236","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in a population-based study: The Tromso Study","volume":"154","author":"Singh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2001.113310","article-title":"Simultaneous analysis of 1176 gene products in normal human aorta and abdominal aortic aneurysms using a membrane-based complementary DNA expression array","volume":"34","author":"Tung","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1161\/hc2901.091399","article-title":"Accelerated atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm formation, and ischemic heart disease in apolipoprotein E\/endothelial nitric oxide synthase double-knockout mice","volume":"104","author":"Kuhlencordt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(97)70261-1","article-title":"Familial thoracic aortic dilatations and dissections: A case control study","volume":"25","author":"Biddinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostberg, N.P., Zafar, M.A., Ziganshin, B.A., and Elefteriades, J.A. (2020). The Genetics of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Dissection: A Clinical Perspective. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020182"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R87","DOI":"10.1186\/ar3360","article-title":"Predictors for pathologically confirmed aortitis after resection of the ascending aorta: A 12-year Danish nationwide population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-7-199504010-00004","article-title":"Increased incidence of aortic aneurysm and dissection in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. A population-based study","volume":"122","author":"Evans","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.07.030","article-title":"Syphilis as a Cause of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"116","author":"Roberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Fuster, V., Narula, J., Vaishnava, P., Leon, M.B., Callans, D.J., Rumsfeld, J., and Poppas, A. (2022). Fuster and Hurst\u2019s the Heart, 15e, McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2008.06.027","article-title":"Regional heterogeneity within the aorta: Relevance to aneurysm disease","volume":"136","author":"Ruddy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.08.084","article-title":"Thoracic aortic aneurysm clinically pertinent controversies and uncertainties","volume":"55","author":"Elefteriades","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.04.002","article-title":"Pathophysiology of thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA): Is it not one uniform aorta? Role of embryologic origin","volume":"56","author":"Ruddy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.21037\/acs-2021-bav-14","article-title":"Normal and abnormal development of the aortic valve and ascending aortic wall: A comprehensive overview of the embryology and pathology of the bicuspid aortic valve","volume":"11","author":"Grewal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.1995.1126","article-title":"Localization of aortic disease is associated with intrinsic differences in aortic structure","volume":"59","author":"Halloran","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021738111273","article-title":"Intima media thickness as a surrogate marker for generalised atherosclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Bots","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.1.69","article-title":"Risk factors and segment-specific carotid arterial enlargement in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) cohort","volume":"27","author":"Crouse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.96.5.1432","article-title":"Common carotid intima-media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"96","author":"Bots","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901073400103","article-title":"Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group","volume":"340","author":"Polak","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(02)02660-7","article-title":"Impact of multiple coronary risk factors on the intima-media thickness of different segments of carotid artery in healthy young adults (The Bogalusa Heart Study)","volume":"90","author":"Urbina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"II56","article-title":"Ultrasound B-mode imaging in observational studies of atherosclerotic progression","volume":"87","author":"Salonen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.487264","article-title":"Carotid atherosclerosis is a stronger predictor of myocardial infarction in women than in men: A 6-year follow-up study of 6226 persons: The Tromso Study","volume":"38","author":"Johnsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2007.12.020","article-title":"Prediction of cardio- and cerebro-vascular events in patients with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis and low HDL-cholesterol","volume":"200","author":"Rizzo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-12-155","article-title":"Preclinical atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome increase cardio- and cerebrovascular events rate: A 20-year follow up","volume":"12","author":"Novo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960270704","article-title":"Vascular age: Integrating carotid intima-media thickness measurements with global coronary risk assessment","volume":"27","author":"Stein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2007.11.011","article-title":"Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: A consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine","volume":"21","author":"Stein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.09.003","article-title":"Prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events by age-normalized carotid intimal medial thickness","volume":"187","author":"Ali","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2006.04.009","article-title":"Use of carotid intima-media thickness and vascular age to modify cardiovascular risk prediction","volume":"19","author":"Gepner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-40058","article-title":"Intima-Media-Dicke der Karotisarterien: Fruher Indikator fur Arteriosklerose und therapeutischer Endpunkt. [Intima media thickness of the carotid arteries: Early pointer to arteriosclerosis and therapeutic endpoint]","volume":"24","author":"Ludwig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.10.2426","article-title":"Carotid artery intima-media thickness measured by ultrasonography in normal clinical practice correlates well with atherosclerosis risk factors","volume":"31","author":"Baldassarre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1191\/1358863x04vm514ra","article-title":"Intima-media thickness: Indicator of cardiovascular risk and measure of the extent of atherosclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Poredos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.628875","article-title":"Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"115","author":"Lorenz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009302","article-title":"Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987\u20131993","volume":"146","author":"Chambless","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.09.001","article-title":"2010 ACCF\/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"56","author":"Greenland","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.188.2.8327679","article-title":"Sonographic evaluation of carotid artery atherosclerosis in the elderly: Relationship of disease severity to stroke and transient ischemic attack","volume":"188","author":"Polak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.27.2.224","article-title":"Thickening of the carotid wall. A marker for atherosclerosis in the elderly? Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group","volume":"27","author":"Polak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004612","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004612","article-title":"Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Score, Positive Coronary Artery Calcium Score, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Polak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2016.0232","article-title":"Is Carotid Artery Ultrasound Still Useful Method for Evaluation of Atherosclerosis?","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"451","article-title":"Global perspective on carotid intima-media thickness and plaque: Should the current measurement guidelines be revisited?","volume":"38","author":"Saba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Angiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1159\/000341234","article-title":"Carotid intima-media thickness provides evidence that ascending aortic aneurysm protects against systemic atherosclerosis","volume":"123","author":"Hung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"46","article-title":"High concentrations of Lp(a) lipoprotein in serum are common among patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"7","author":"Norrgard","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. Angiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1997.tb04343.x","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) in plasma, arterial wall, and thrombus from patients with aortic aneurysm","volume":"52","author":"Papagrigorakis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2002.124371","article-title":"Lipoprotein (a) in patients with aortic aneurysmal disease","volume":"36","author":"Schillinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00985-0","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in older adults with and without isolated systolic hypertension","volume":"83","author":"Naydeck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.9.5.593","article-title":"Quantitation and localization of apolipoproteins [a] and B in coronary artery bypass vein grafts resected at re-operation","volume":"9","author":"Cushing","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(81)90103-9","article-title":"Lipoprotein Lp(a) and the risk for myocardial infarction","volume":"38","author":"Kostner","year":"1981","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/12.12.2673","article-title":"Urinary excretion of apo(a) in patients after kidney transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Kostner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(86)90048-1","article-title":"Lp(a) lipoprotein as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and cerebral infarction","volume":"59","author":"Murai","year":"1986","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1974.tb00657.x","article-title":"Lp(a) lipoprotein and pre-beta1-lipoprotein in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"6","author":"Berg","year":"1974","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9150(86)90099-7","article-title":"The association between serum Lp(a) concentrations and angiographically assessed coronary atherosclerosis. Dependence on serum LDL levels","volume":"62","author":"Armstrong","year":"1986","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2021.09.031","article-title":"Lipid profiles help to explain protection from systemic atherosclerosis in patients with ascending aortic aneurysm","volume":"163","author":"Weininger","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03941.x","article-title":"Role of oxidized LDL in atherosclerosis","volume":"947","author":"Kita","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(90)90119-4","article-title":"Role of oxidatively modified LDL in atherosclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Steinbrecher","year":"1990","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2174\/187153012803832602","article-title":"Oxidative stress in atherosclerosis development: The central role of LDL and oxidative burst","volume":"12","author":"Peluso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319713502391","article-title":"Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol predict the presence of coronary artery disease in patients with aortic aneurysms","volume":"65","author":"Saigusa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000110786.02097.0c","article-title":"Patterns and risk factors for systemic calcified atherosclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Allison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.43.5.711","article-title":"Localization and sequence of development of atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid and vertebral arteries","volume":"43","author":"Solberg","year":"1971","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(79)90263-7","article-title":"Coronary calcification in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease","volume":"44","author":"Rifkin","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00443-9","article-title":"Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: A histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology","volume":"31","author":"Sangiorgi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(99)70403-5","article-title":"Coronary calcium: The good, the bad, and the uncertain","volume":"137","author":"Doherty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.4065\/79.2.197","article-title":"Genetic determinants of arterial calcification associated with atherosclerosis","volume":"79","author":"Doherty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/204748730000700202","article-title":"Pathophysiology of coronary calcification","volume":"7","author":"Watson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Risk"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.19.9.2189","article-title":"Coronary and aortic calcification among women 8 years after menopause and their premenopausal risk factors: The healthy women study","volume":"19","author":"Kuller","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.09008.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular calcification in patients with chronic renal failure: Are we on target with this risk factor?","volume":"66","author":"McCullough","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000033540.89672.24","article-title":"Relationship between coronary artery calcification and other measures of subclinical cardiovascular disease in older adults","volume":"22","author":"Newman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2283021006","article-title":"Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for all-cause mortality","volume":"228","author":"Shaw","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15544-X","article-title":"Coronary calcification score: The coronary-risk impact factor","volume":"363","author":"Thompson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(95)00547-1","article-title":"Predominance of aortic calcification as an atherosclerotic manifestation in women: The Reykjavik study","volume":"49","author":"Danielsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2810","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.21.2810","article-title":"Calcification of the aortic arch: Risk factors and association with coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease","volume":"283","author":"Iribarren","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.5.1468","article-title":"Aortic calcification on plain chest radiography increases risk for coronary artery disease","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"233","article-title":"Gravity of aortic arch calcification as evaluated in adult Greek patients","volume":"21","author":"Symeonidis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Angiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S1076-6332(03)80081-8","article-title":"Aortic atherosclerosis detected with electron-beam CT as a predictor of obstructive coronary artery disease","volume":"10","author":"Takasu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acad. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8703(03)00105-4","article-title":"Valvular and thoracic aortic calcium as a marker of the extent and severity of angiographic coronary artery disease","volume":"146","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1253\/jcj.64.745","article-title":"Assessment of aortic atherosclerosis and carotid atherosclerosis in coronary artery disease","volume":"64","author":"Sun","year":"2000","journal-title":"Jpn. Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)01319-9","article-title":"Variability of repeated coronary artery calcium measurements by electron beam tomography","volume":"87","author":"Achenbach","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(93)90668-3","article-title":"Differences in prevalence and extent of coronary artery calcium detected by ultrafast computed tomography in asymptomatic men and women","volume":"72","author":"Janowitz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2003.169","article-title":"Prognostic significance of coronary artery calcium in asymptomatic subjects with usual cardiovascular risk","volume":"145","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2005.04.030","article-title":"Aortic calcification","volume":"30","author":"Jayalath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00906-6","article-title":"Prognostic value of coronary electron-beam computed tomography for coronary heart disease events in asymptomatic populations","volume":"85","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.3.1580","article-title":"Ascending thoracic aneurysms are associated with decreased systemic atherosclerosis","volume":"128","author":"Achneck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"182","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of concomitant aortic and coronary disease: A retrospective study and brief review","volume":"26","author":"Islamoglu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tex. Heart Inst. J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00922-7","article-title":"Is aortic dilatation an atherosclerosis-related process? Clinical, laboratory, and transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of thoracic aortic dimensions in the population with implications for thoracic aortic aneurysm formation","volume":"42","author":"Agmon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"165","article-title":"Incidence and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with acute aortic dissection: Comparison with abdominal aortic aneurysm and arteriosclerosis obliterans","volume":"37","author":"Kojima","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(90)90229-X","article-title":"Dissecting aneurysm: A clinicopathologic and histopathologic study of 111 autopsied cases","volume":"21","author":"Nakashima","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1986.01400030032004","article-title":"Application of clinically valid cardiac risk factors to aortic aneurysm surgery","volume":"121","author":"Yeager","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"211","article-title":"Insuffisance coronaire chez les patients ayant un anevrysme de l\u2019aorte abdominale. A propos d\u2019une serie consecutive de 172 operes. [Coronary artery disease in patients with aortic abdominal aneurysm. Apropos of a consecutive series of 172 cases]","volume":"89","author":"Langanay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Mal. Coeur Vaiss."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198506000-00013","article-title":"Coronary artery disease in patients requiring abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Selective use of a combined operation","volume":"201","author":"Ruby","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.36.384","article-title":"Risk factors and incidence of coronary artery lesions in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"36","author":"Kishi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1382288","article-title":"Ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms protect against myocardial infarctions","volume":"23","author":"Chau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Angiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dolmaci, O.B., El Mathari, S., Driessen, A.H.G., Klautz, R.J.M., Poelmann, R.E., Lindeman, J.H.N., and Grewal, N. (2022). Are Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Patients at Increased Risk for Cardiovascular Diseases?. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010272"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2014.08.023","article-title":"Ascending aortic dilatation is rarely associated with coronary artery disease regardless of aortic valve morphology","volume":"148","author":"Jackson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(96)00670-4","article-title":"Frequency and distribution of atherosclerotic plaques in the thoracic aorta as determined by transesophageal echocardiography in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"79","author":"Khoury","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032755","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1032755","article-title":"Are acute type A aortic dissections atherosclerotic?","volume":"9","author":"Grewal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-018-0765-y","article-title":"Stanford type B aortic dissection is more frequently associated with coronary artery atherosclerosis than type A","volume":"13","author":"Hashiyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.08.108","article-title":"The complex interplay among atherosclerosis, inflammation, and degeneration in ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms","volume":"160","author":"Leone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2018.04.086","article-title":"Redefining the histopathologic profile of acute aortic syndromes: Clinical and prognostic implications","volume":"156","author":"Leone","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2013.10.035","article-title":"Advanced atherosclerosis is associated with increased medial degeneration in sporadic ascending aortic aneurysms","volume":"232","author":"Albini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2023.154526","article-title":"Histopathological findings of diseased ascending aortae with clinicopathological correlation\u2014A single-centre study of 160 cases","volume":"246","author":"Stejskal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2003","article-title":"Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease","volume":"84","author":"Owens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2020.08.013","article-title":"Long Non-coding RNA PEBP1P2 Suppresses Proliferative VSMCs Phenotypic Switching and Proliferation in Atherosclerosis","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.234914","article-title":"Arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease: Key roles for calcium and phosphate","volume":"109","author":"Shanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chin, D.D., Poon, C., Wang, J., Joo, J., Ong, V., Jiang, Z., Cheng, K., Plotkin, A., Magee, G.A., and Chung, E.J. (2021). miR-145 micelles mitigate atherosclerosis by modulating vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. Biomaterials, 273.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120810"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2014.01.027","article-title":"Ascending aorta dilation in association with bicuspid aortic valve: A maturation defect of the aortic wall","volume":"148","author":"Grewal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2018.01.005","article-title":"Pathogenesis of aortic wall complications in Marfan syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Grewal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2023.154620","article-title":"Intrinsic histological and morphological abnormalities of the pediatric thoracic aorta in bicuspid aortic valve patients are predictive for future aortopathy","volume":"248","author":"Grewal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2017.02.002","article-title":"The Role Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Production of Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"147","author":"Rabkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.12.002","article-title":"Structure and function of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs","volume":"69","author":"Nagase","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3109\/10409238.2013.770819","article-title":"Biochemistry and molecular biology of gelatinase B or matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9): The next decade","volume":"48","author":"Vandooren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2007.12.006","article-title":"The regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors","volume":"40","author":"Clark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180050320","article-title":"Structural properties of matrix metalloproteinases","volume":"55","author":"Bode","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3904","article-title":"Remodelling the extracellular matrix in development and disease","volume":"15","author":"Bonnans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2010.01.003","article-title":"The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs): An ancient family with structural and functional diversity","volume":"1803","author":"Brew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.12.027","article-title":"Plasma biomarkers for distinguishing etiologic subtypes of thoracic aortic aneurysm disease","volume":"145","author":"Ikonomidis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2004.05.088","article-title":"Increased tissue microarray matrix metalloproteinase expression favors proteolysis in thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections","volume":"78","author":"Koullias","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.04.008","article-title":"Elevated messenger RNA expression and plasma protein levels of osteopontin and matrix metalloproteinase types 2 and 9 in patients with ascending aortic aneurysms","volume":"145","author":"Huusko","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-011-0568-z","article-title":"The elevated expression of osteopontin and NF-kappaB in human aortic aneurysms and its implication","volume":"31","author":"Mi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2000.7642","article-title":"Collagen and elastin degradation by matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase in aortic dissection","volume":"31","author":"Ishii","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tscheuschler, A., Meffert, P., Beyersdorf, F., Heilmann, C., Kocher, N., Uffelmann, X., Discher, P., Siepe, M., and Kari, F.A. (2016). MMP-2 Isoforms in Aortic Tissue and Serum of Patients with Ascending Aortic Aneurysms and Aortic Root Aneurysms. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164308"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000276","article-title":"Angiotensin II Induces an Increase in Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Expression in Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells of Ascending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms Through JNK, ERK1\/2, and p38 MAPK Activation","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Wang, Z., Wu, H., Yang, Z., Jiang, W., Li, L., and Hu, X. (2013). Ang II enhances noradrenaline release from sympathetic nerve endings thus contributing to the up-regulation of metalloprotease-2 in aortic dissection patients\u2019 aorta wall. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076922"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2018.07.006","article-title":"Correlation between MMP and TIMP levels and elastic moduli of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms","volume":"20","author":"Khanafer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000390","article-title":"Differential expression of MMP-2, MMP-9 and TIMP proteins in thoracic aortic aneurysm\u2014Comparison with and without bicuspid aortic valve: A meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Rabkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vasa"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.12.012","article-title":"Important role of the angiotensin II pathway in producing matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human thoracic aortic aneurysms","volume":"183","author":"Nagasawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000355253","article-title":"The multitasking role of macrophages in Stanford type A acute aortic dissection","volume":"127","author":"Tritapepe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Y., Xie, Y., Liu, F., Zhao, C., Yu, R., Ban, S., Ye, Q., Wen, J., Wan, H., and Li, X. (2013). Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-12 in aortic dissection. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-13-34"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezx095","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of acute type A aortic dissection combined with in vitro assessment","volume":"52","author":"Kimura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.305401","article-title":"Many faces of matrix metalloproteinases in aortic aneurysms","volume":"35","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S68415","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases in atherosclerosis: Role of nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, homocysteine, and polymorphisms","volume":"11","author":"Vacek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2011.7.2.69","article-title":"Plaque rupture is a determinant of vascular events in carotid artery atherosclerotic disease: Involvement of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9","volume":"7","author":"Heo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10346","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M310964200","article-title":"Protease nexin-1 inhibits plasminogen activation-induced apoptosis of adherent cells","volume":"279","author":"Rossignol","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1185\/030079904125003143","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases: Contribution to pathogenesis, diagnosis, surveillance and treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"20","author":"Kadoglou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8931","article-title":"Targeted gene disruption of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) suppresses development of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"105","author":"Pyo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215334","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 work in concert to produce aortic aneurysms","volume":"110","author":"Longo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.18.10.1625","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-2 production and its binding to the matrix are increased in abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"18","author":"Davis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.15.8.1145","article-title":"Inflammation and matrix metalloproteinases in the enlarging abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"15","author":"Freestone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(94)70169-5","article-title":"Cellular localization of matrix metalloproteinases in the abdominal aortic aneurysm wall","volume":"20","author":"Newman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3109\/03008209409015042","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases in abdominal aortic aneurysm: Characterization, purification, and their possible sources","volume":"30","author":"Newman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1159\/000228900","article-title":"Inflammatory infiltrates and neovessels are relevant sources of MMPs in abdominal aortic aneurysm wall","volume":"76","author":"Reeps","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"617","article-title":"Analysis of elastin cross-linking and the connective tissue matrix of abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"115","author":"Gandhi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000218496.60097.e0","article-title":"Effect of MMP-2 deficiency on atherosclerotic lesion formation in apoE-deficient mice","volume":"26","author":"Kuzuya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.75.3.539","article-title":"Smooth muscle cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase expression after arterial injury in the rat","volume":"75","author":"Bendeck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0741-5214(94)90008-6","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases of vascular wall cells are increased in balloon-injured rat carotid artery","volume":"20","author":"Zempo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.79.4.812","article-title":"Overexpression of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell functions in vitro and in vivo","volume":"79","author":"Forough","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.79.6.1177","article-title":"Upregulation of basement membrane-degrading metalloproteinase secretion after balloon injury of pig carotid arteries","volume":"79","author":"Southgate","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.11.5.9141503","article-title":"Vascular development: Cellular and molecular regulation","volume":"11","author":"Beck","year":"1997","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeda, N., Hara, H., Fujiwara, T., Kanaya, T., Maemura, S., and Komuro, I. (2018). TGF-beta Signaling-Related Genes and Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Dissections. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19072125"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.305150","article-title":"Dimorphic effects of transforming growth factor-beta signaling during aortic aneurysm progression in mice suggest a combinatorial therapy for Marfan syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2516","article-title":"Syndromic and non-syndromic aneurysms of the human ascending aorta share activation of the Smad2 pathway","volume":"218","author":"Gomez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1124287","article-title":"Losartan, an AT1 antagonist, prevents aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome","volume":"312","author":"Habashi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.785949","article-title":"Interferon-gamma and the interferon-inducible chemokine CXCL10 protect against aneurysm formation and rupture","volume":"119","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14012","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1507652112","article-title":"Genetic analysis of the contribution of LTBP-3 to thoracic aneurysm in Marfan syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Zilberberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Rateri, D.L., Howatt, D.A., Balakrishnan, A., Moorleghen, J.J., Cassis, L.A., and Daugherty, A. (2016). TGF-beta Neutralization Enhances AngII-Induced Aortic Rupture and Aneurysm in Both Thoracic and Abdominal Regions. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153811"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI38136","article-title":"TGF-beta activity protects against inflammatory aortic aneurysm progression and complications in angiotensin II-infused mice","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.307436","article-title":"Pharmacologically Improved Contractility Protects Against Aortic Dissection in Mice With Disrupted Transforming Growth Factor-beta Signaling Despite Compromised Extracellular Matrix Properties","volume":"36","author":"Ferruzzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI69942","article-title":"Tgfbr2 disruption in postnatal smooth muscle impairs aortic wall homeostasis","volume":"124","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.115.306573","article-title":"Postnatal Deletion of the Type II Transforming Growth Factor-beta Receptor in Smooth Muscle Cells Causes Severe Aortopathy in Mice","volume":"35","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004968","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004968","article-title":"Aortopathy in a Mouse Model of Marfan Syndrome Is Not Mediated by Altered Transforming Growth Factor beta Signaling","volume":"6","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1996.3398","article-title":"Differential response of mesoderm- and neural crest-derived smooth muscle to TGF-beta1: Regulation of c-myb and alpha1 (I) procollagen genes","volume":"230","author":"Gadson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1996.0258","article-title":"Embryonic lineage of vascular smooth muscle cells determines responses to collagen matrices and integrin receptor expression","volume":"227","author":"Thieszen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2009.191","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms of thoracic aortic aneurysms","volume":"6","author":"Yacoub","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000114567.76772.33","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta and atherosclerosis: So far, so good for the protective cytokine hypothesis","volume":"24","author":"Grainger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(99)00034-9","article-title":"TGF-betas and TGF-beta receptors in atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor. Rev."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1116","article-title":"Dysregulation of TGF-beta activation contributes to pathogenesis in Marfan syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Neptune","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I371","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.000927","article-title":"Overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta is associated with increased hyaluronan content and impairment of repair in Marfan syndrome aortic aneurysm","volume":"114","author":"Nataatmadja","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1161\/res.89.10.853","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta: A local or systemic mediator of plaque stability?","volume":"89","author":"Lutgens","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1161\/hh2201.099415","article-title":"Inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta signaling accelerates atherosclerosis and induces an unstable plaque phenotype in mice","volume":"89","author":"Mallat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2667","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118333","article-title":"Decreased type II\/type I TGF-beta receptor ratio in cells derived from human atherosclerotic lesions. Conversion from an antiproliferative to profibrotic response to TGF-beta1","volume":"96","author":"McCaffrey","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.87.2.107","article-title":"Inflammatory gene polymorphisms and ischaemic heart disease: Review of population association studies","volume":"87","author":"Andreotti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(98)00053-7","article-title":"The 5A\/6A polymorphism in the promoter of the stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) gene predicts progression of angiographically determined coronary artery disease in men in the LOCAT gemfibrozil study. Lopid Coronary Angiography Trial","volume":"139","author":"Humphries","year":"1998","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-925403","article-title":"Increased TNF-alpha and decreased TGF-beta expression in peripheral blood leukocytes after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"38","author":"Kempf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000217747.66517.11","article-title":"Association of transforming growth factor-beta1 gene polymorphisms with myocardial infarction in patients with angiographically proven coronary heart disease","volume":"26","author":"Koch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.20.2469","article-title":"Identification of a chromosome 11q23.2-q24 locus for familial aortic aneurysm disease, a genetically heterogeneous disorder","volume":"103","author":"Vaughan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13055","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.22.13055","article-title":"Progression of coronary atherosclerosis is associated with a common genetic variant of the human stromelysin-1 promoter which results in reduced gene expression","volume":"271","author":"Ye","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.24.2783","article-title":"Association of a T29-->C polymorphism of the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene with genetic susceptibility to myocardial infarction in Japanese","volume":"101","author":"Yokota","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakrabarti, M., Al-Sammarraie, N., Gebere, M.G., Bhattacharya, A., Chopra, S., Johnson, J., Pena, E.A., Eberth, J.F., Poelmann, R.E., and Gittenberger-de Groot, A.C. (2020). Transforming Growth Factor Beta3 is Required for Cardiovascular Development. J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcdd7020019"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2022.107478","article-title":"Structural abnormalities in the non-dilated ascending aortic wall of bicuspid aortic valve patients","volume":"62","author":"Grewal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1775","article-title":"Adventures in vascular biology: A tale of two mediators","volume":"361","author":"Moncada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"307","article-title":"Endothelial control of vascular tone by nitric oxide and gap junctions: A haemodynamic perspective","volume":"39","author":"Griffith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biorheology"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.8.1.37","article-title":"Crucial role of endothelium in the vasodilator response to increased flow in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Pohl","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1995.75.3.519","article-title":"Flow-mediated endothelial mechanotransduction","volume":"75","author":"Davies","year":"1995","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03924.x","article-title":"Mechanosensitive endothelial gene expression profiles: Scripts for the role of hemodynamics in atherogenesis?","volume":"947","author":"Comander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"9","article-title":"Blood flow patterns in the proximal human coronary arteries: Relationship to atherosclerotic plaque occurrence","volume":"5","author":"Suo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7799(99)01348-7","article-title":"A spatial approach to transcriptional profiling: Mechanotransduction and the focal origin of atherosclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Davies","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-8772-2","article-title":"Flow imaging and computing: Large artery hemodynamics","volume":"33","author":"Steinman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9052","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.16.9052","article-title":"The NF-kappa B signal transduction pathway in aortic endothelial cells is primed for activation in regions predisposed to atherosclerotic lesion formation","volume":"97","author":"Hajra","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305938101","article-title":"Coexisting proinflammatory and antioxidative endothelial transcription profiles in a disturbed flow region of the adult porcine aorta","volume":"101","author":"Passerini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00041","article-title":"Pulse Wave Velocity in Atherosclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91459-1","article-title":"J-shaped relation between change in diastolic blood pressure and progression of aortic atherosclerosis","volume":"343","author":"Witteman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.01.012","article-title":"Evolution and modulation of age-related medial elastocalcinosis: Impact on large artery stiffness and isolated systolic hypertension","volume":"66","author":"Dao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08749","article-title":"Aortic Arch Pulse Wave Velocity Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Predictor of Incident Cardiovascular Events: The MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)","volume":"70","author":"Ohyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hypertension"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/21\/15640\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:12:38Z","timestamp":1760130758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/21\/15640"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]},"references-count":190,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms242115640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242115640","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]]}}}