{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:40:33Z","timestamp":1791362433911,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":219,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["B.SUB.23.165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.23.165"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["B.SUB.23.500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.23.500"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["NdS\/551580\/2022\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NdS\/551580\/2022\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bialystok","award":["2021\/41\/N\/HS5\/01316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/N\/HS5\/01316"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Education and Science \u201cPublic perception of healthy food in the light of intradisciplinary scientific certainty\u201d","award":["B.SUB.23.165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.23.165"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Education and Science \u201cPublic perception of healthy food in the light of intradisciplinary scientific certainty\u201d","award":["B.SUB.23.500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.23.500"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Education and Science \u201cPublic perception of healthy food in the light of intradisciplinary scientific certainty\u201d","award":["NdS\/551580\/2022\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NdS\/551580\/2022\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Education and Science \u201cPublic perception of healthy food in the light of intradisciplinary scientific certainty\u201d","award":["2021\/41\/N\/HS5\/01316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/N\/HS5\/01316"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["B.SUB.23.165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.23.165"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["B.SUB.23.500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.23.500"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["NdS\/551580\/2022\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NdS\/551580\/2022\/2022"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["2021\/41\/N\/HS5\/01316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/N\/HS5\/01316"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trace elements and metals play critical roles in the normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS), and their dysregulation has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). In a healthy CNS, zinc, copper, iron, and manganese play vital roles as enzyme cofactors, supporting neurotransmission, cellular metabolism, and antioxidant defense. Imbalances in these trace elements can lead to oxidative stress, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby contributing to neurodegeneration. In AD, copper and zinc imbalances are associated with amyloid-beta and tau pathology, impacting cognitive function. PD involves the disruption of iron and manganese levels, leading to oxidative damage and neuronal loss. Toxic metals, like lead and cadmium, impair synaptic transmission and exacerbate neuroinflammation, impacting CNS health. The role of aluminum in AD neurofibrillary tangle formation has also been noted. Understanding the roles of these elements in CNS health and disease might offer potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders. The Codex Alimentarius standards concerning the mentioned metals in foods may be one of the key legal contributions to safeguarding public health. Further research is needed to fully comprehend these complex mechanisms and develop effective interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T05:01:08Z","timestamp":1698555668000},"page":"15721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Common and Trace Metals in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Doroszkiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub Ali","family":"Farhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public International Law and European Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Mroczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Winkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dementia Disorders Centre, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-425 Scinawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3909-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Perkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public International Law and European Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Mroczko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.07.048","article-title":"Metals and Neurodegenerative Diseases. 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